1. Early River Valley Civilizations 3500 BC – 450 BC Ch 2

2. City-States in Mesopotamia Ch 2 Sec 1

3. Objectives Understand why early civilizations formed on fertile river plains Understand why early civilizations formed on fertile river plains Understand the how geography affected life in the Fertile Crescent Understand the how geography affected life in the Fertile Crescent Understand the importance of Hammurabi’s Code Understand the importance of Hammurabi’s Code

4. Geography of the Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent-an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea Fertile Crescent-an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea Mesopotamia-Greek for “land between the rivers”, plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Mesopotamia-Greek for “land between the rivers”, plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

6. Rise of Civilization The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded at least once a year The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded at least once a year The fertile silt left behind by the floodwaters allowed farmers to grow large quantities of wheat and barley The fertile silt left behind by the floodwaters allowed farmers to grow large quantities of wheat and barley The surpluses from the harvests allowed villages to grow The surpluses from the harvests allowed villages to grow

7. Environmental Challenges Good soil attracted people to the Fertile Crescent Good soil attracted people to the Fertile Crescent Sumerians arrived here around 3300 BC but there were 3 disadvantages to the new environment Sumerians arrived here around 3300 BC but there were 3 disadvantages to the new environment 1. Unpredictable flooding and little or no rain 1. Unpredictable flooding and little or no rain 2. No natural barriers for protection 2. No natural barriers for protection 3. Few natural resources, building materials and other necessary items were scarce. 3. Few natural resources, building materials and other necessary items were scarce.

8. How would you solve these problems?

9. Solving Problems 1. Irrigation carried water to the fields 1. Irrigation carried water to the fields 2. Built city walls with mud bricks for defense 2. Built city walls with mud bricks for defense 3. Sumerians traded grain, cloth, and crafted tools with people from the mountains and desert for raw materials such as stone, wood, and metal 3. Sumerians traded grain, cloth, and crafted tools with people from the mountains and desert for raw materials such as stone, wood, and metal

10. Sumerians Create City-States By 3000 BC the Sumerians had created a number of city-states-city and its surrounding land that function as an independent political unit By 3000 BC the Sumerians had created a number of city-states-city and its surrounding land that function as an independent political unit Although these cities shared the same culture they each developed their own government and rulers Although these cities shared the same culture they each developed their own government and rulers

11. Government The earliest governments in Sumer were controlled by the temple priests The earliest governments in Sumer were controlled by the temple priests The center of all the cities was a ziggurat, large temple, that was both a place of worship and a kind of city hall The center of all the cities was a ziggurat, large temple, that was both a place of worship and a kind of city hall In times of war, military leaders, would rule the city In times of war, military leaders, would rule the city

13. Dynasties As wars became more frequent military leaders became permanent rulers As wars became more frequent military leaders became permanent rulers These leaders usually passed power on to their sons creating a dynasty – series of rulers from a single family These leaders usually passed power on to their sons creating a dynasty – series of rulers from a single family

14. Spread of Cities The cities grew prosperous as food surpluses continued to increase The cities grew prosperous as food surpluses continued to increase Trade also increased as the cities grew leading to cultural diffusion – spread of ideas or products from one culture to another Trade also increased as the cities grew leading to cultural diffusion – spread of ideas or products from one culture to another

15. What kind of religion do you think they had in Mesopotamia?

16. Sumerian Culture Polytheism- belief in more than one god Polytheism- belief in more than one god Sumerians believed in many gods and demons Sumerians believed in many gods and demons The Sumerians used religion to explain natural phenomenon such as the weather The Sumerians used religion to explain natural phenomenon such as the weather Enlil was the god of storms and air who controlled flooding Enlil was the god of storms and air who controlled flooding Sumerians built large ziggurats and offered sacrifices of animals, food, and wine to please the gods Sumerians built large ziggurats and offered sacrifices of animals, food, and wine to please the gods

17. Social Classes With the rise of civilization came the beginning of social classes With the rise of civilization came the beginning of social classes Kings, landholders, and some priests made up the highest level Kings, landholders, and some priests made up the highest level Wealthy merchants Wealthy merchants Farmers Farmers Slaves Slaves Women in Sumeria had many of the same rights as the men Women in Sumeria had many of the same rights as the men

18. Science and Technology Arithmetic and geometry-used to build walls and irrigation systems Arithmetic and geometry-used to build walls and irrigation systems Architecture- arches, columns, ramps, pyramid shape of ziggurats Architecture- arches, columns, ramps, pyramid shape of ziggurats Cuneiform Cuneiform

19. Early Empires City-states were constantly at war City-states were constantly at war Sargon of Akkad defeated the city-states around 2350 BC and created the world’s first empire, political unit in which a number of peoples in controlled by a single ruler Sargon of Akkad defeated the city-states around 2350 BC and created the world’s first empire, political unit in which a number of peoples in controlled by a single ruler

20. Hammurabi Around 2000 BC, a group of nomadic warriors took over Mesopotamia and created the Babylonian Empire Around 2000 BC, a group of nomadic warriors took over Mesopotamia and created the Babylonian Empire The Babylonian Empire reached its peak from 1792 BC to 1750 BC with the reign of Hammurabi The Babylonian Empire reached its peak from 1792 BC to 1750 BC with the reign of Hammurabi

21. Egypt

22. The Discovery of Egypt Middle Ages knew of Egypt only as a Roman colony and Christian settlement Middle Ages knew of Egypt only as a Roman colony and Christian settlement The Renaissance presumed civilization began with Greece The Renaissance presumed civilization began with Greece The Enlightenment knew nothing of Egypt beyond the pyramids The Enlightenment knew nothing of Egypt beyond the pyramids

23. New Discoveries French scientists made many new discoveries including the temples at Luxor and Karnak French scientists made many new discoveries including the temples at Luxor and Karnak

30. Hieroglyphics For many years Napoleon’s scientists were unable to read the inscriptions of the Egyptian monuments For many years Napoleon’s scientists were unable to read the inscriptions of the Egyptian monuments

31. Importance of the Rosetta Stone Rosetta Stone- Allowed scientist to decipher hieroglyphics because they knew Greek Rosetta Stone- Allowed scientist to decipher hieroglyphics because they knew Greek Opened the way to the recovery of a lost world Opened the way to the recovery of a lost world

33. Geography Northern Africa Northern Africa Nile River -4100 miles long, longest river in the world Nile River -4100 miles long, longest river in the world Fertile land near the river Fertile land near the river Surrounded by desert Surrounded by desert Yearly floods Yearly floods Delta- broad marshy triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river Delta- broad marshy triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river

35. Geography

36. Importance of the Nile Floods were key to keeping the soil fertile Floods were key to keeping the soil fertile Water was needed for irrigation due to the surrounding desert climate Water was needed for irrigation due to the surrounding desert climate Transportation Transportation Northbound boats floated with the current Northbound boats floated with the current Southbound boats were able to sail Southbound boats were able to sail

40. Egypt Unites into a Kingdom Egyptians lived in farming villages as far back as 5000 BC Egyptians lived in farming villages as far back as 5000 BC By 3200 BC the villages were under control by two kingdoms By 3200 BC the villages were under control by two kingdoms Sometime around 3000 BC the kingdoms were united Sometime around 3000 BC the kingdoms were united Some scholars believe the Scorpion king united the colonies but more solid evidence points to a king named Narmer Some scholars believe the Scorpion king united the colonies but more solid evidence points to a king named Narmer

43. Pharaohs Rule as Gods In Mesopotamia, kings were considered representatives of gods In Mesopotamia, kings were considered representatives of gods In Egypt, kings were gods In Egypt, kings were gods Pharaohs-Egyptian god-kings Pharaohs-Egyptian god-kings Theocracy- type of government in which rule is based on religious authority Theocracy- type of government in which rule is based on religious authority Pharaohs were the center of religion, government and army Pharaohs were the center of religion, government and army

44. Pyramids Egyptians believed the pharaohs continued to rule after their deaths. He had an eternal life force called ka that continued to take part in the governing of the country Egyptians believed the pharaohs continued to rule after their deaths. He had an eternal life force called ka that continued to take part in the governing of the country Because kings would rule forever the tombs were more important than the palaces Because kings would rule forever the tombs were more important than the palaces

49. NOVA | Explore Ancient Egypt NOVA | Explore Ancient Egypt

50. What do the pyramids tell us about Ancient Egyptian society?

51. Pyramids Reflect the strength of the society Reflect the strength of the society Economic strength to support the building project Economic strength to support the building project Technological means to complete the task Technological means to complete the task Leadership and government organization to carry out the construction Leadership and government organization to carry out the construction

53. Religion and Life Polytheistic like Mesopotamia Polytheistic like Mesopotamia Re – sun god Re – sun god Osiris – god of the dead Osiris – god of the dead Isis – ideal mother and wife Isis – ideal mother and wife Believed they would be judged for their deeds in the afterlife Believed they would be judged for their deeds in the afterlife Mummification- embalmed and dried the corpse to preserve it Mummification- embalmed and dried the corpse to preserve it mummy mummy mummy

55. Egyptian Society

56. Science and Technology Calendar- keep track of time between floods Calendar- keep track of time between floods 365 days, 12 months of 30 days 365 days, 12 months of 30 days System of writing numbers System of writing numbers Mathematics- geometry Mathematics- geometry Medicine- check heart rates, set broken bones, surgery Medicine- check heart rates, set broken bones, surgery

57. Indus River Civilizations

58. Geography Indian Subcontinent- Area that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Indian Subcontinent- Area that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Indus Valley is protected by the Himalaya mountains and Thar Desert Indus Valley is protected by the Himalaya mountains and Thar Desert Indus River and Ganges River Indus River and Ganges River Like Egypt and Mesopotamia, much of the Indus River runs through the Thar desert and farming is possible only near the river Like Egypt and Mesopotamia, much of the Indus River runs through the Thar desert and farming is possible only near the river

62. Climate Monsoons- seasonal winds that dominate India’s climate Monsoons- seasonal winds that dominate India’s climate During the winter months the winds blow dry air from the northeast During the winter months the winds blow dry air from the northeast During the summer months the winds blow moisture from the ocean During the summer months the winds blow moisture from the ocean

64. Environmental Challenges Yearly floods are unpredictable Yearly floods are unpredictable Rivers sometimes change course Rivers sometimes change course Cycle of wet and dry seasons is unpredictable Cycle of wet and dry seasons is unpredictable

65. Civilization Evidence of farming in villages around 3200 BC Evidence of farming in villages around 3200 BC Around 2500 BC cities were being built with levees to keep out flood waters Around 2500 BC cities were being built with levees to keep out flood waters Largest cities were Harrapa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Kalibangan Largest cities were Harrapa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Kalibangan Harrapan Civilization- Indus Valley Civilization Harrapan Civilization- Indus Valley Civilization

66. Planned Cities One of the most remarkable achievements was the sophisticated city planning One of the most remarkable achievements was the sophisticated city planning Mesopotamia was a maze of winding streets while the cities of the Indus Valley were carefully planned Mesopotamia was a maze of winding streets while the cities of the Indus Valley were carefully planned Precise grid system Precise grid system Buildings constructed of oven-baked standard sized bricks Buildings constructed of oven-baked standard sized bricks

68. Harappan Planning Built partially on mud-brick platforms Built partially on mud-brick platforms City surrounded by a thick brick wall 3 ½ miles long City surrounded by a thick brick wall 3 ½ miles long Houses featured bathrooms where waste flowed out to the street and then to sewage pits outside the city walls Houses featured bathrooms where waste flowed out to the street and then to sewage pits outside the city walls

69. How did people get fresh water and remove waste in ancient cities?

70. Mohenjo-Daro Almost every house had a private bathroom and toilet Almost every house had a private bathroom and toilet People took showers with pitchers of water People took showers with pitchers of water Pipes connected to each house carried wastewater to an underground sewer system Pipes connected to each house carried wastewater to an underground sewer system Sewers had manholes so workers could inspect the drains Sewers had manholes so workers could inspect the drains No other civilization achieved this level of convenience until the 19 th and 20th centuries No other civilization achieved this level of convenience until the 19 th and 20th centuries

83. Harrappan Language Like Egypt and Mesopotamia they had a written language but it has never been deciphered Like Egypt and Mesopotamia they had a written language but it has never been deciphered About 400 different symbols About 400 different symbols

88. What do these artifacts tell you about Harappan society? Houses that have been uncovered are all about the same Houses that have been uncovered are all about the same Clay and wooden children’s toys Clay and wooden children’s toys Few weapons have been found Few weapons have been found Many animal images on artifacts Many animal images on artifacts

89. Culture Housing suggests social divisions in the society were not great Housing suggests social divisions in the society were not great Toys suggest a prosperous society that could afford to produce nonessential items Toys suggest a prosperous society that could afford to produce nonessential items Few weapons suggests that conflict was limited Few weapons suggests that conflict was limited Presence of animals suggests they were an important part of culture Presence of animals suggests they were an important part of culture

90. Religion Believed to be a theocracy Believed to be a theocracy No temples have been found No temples have been found Artifacts reveal links to modern Hinduism Artifacts reveal links to modern Hinduism

91. Government Well planned cities imply a strong centralized government Well planned cities imply a strong centralized government Few weapons found also implies a strong centralized government Few weapons found also implies a strong centralized government

92. Economy Thriving trade with other peoples in the region Thriving trade with other peoples in the region Gold and silver from the north in Afghanistan Gold and silver from the north in Afghanistan Semiprecious stones from Persia Semiprecious stones from Persia Seals used by Indus merchants have been discovered in Sumer Seals used by Indus merchants have been discovered in Sumer

93. Indus Culture Ends Around 1750 BC the quality of building declines and the great cities fall into decay Around 1750 BC the quality of building declines and the great cities fall into decay In the 1970s satellite images revealed evidence of earthquakes and floods that may have diverted the rivers and destroyed many of the cities In the 1970s satellite images revealed evidence of earthquakes and floods that may have diverted the rivers and destroyed many of the cities

94. River Dynasties in China

95. Background First cities built around 2000 BC First cities built around 2000 BC 1000 years after Ur, the pyramids, and the planned cities of the Indus River Valley 1000 years after Ur, the pyramids, and the planned cities of the Indus River Valley Unlike the other 3 civilizations the civilization that began in China continues to thrive today Unlike the other 3 civilizations the civilization that began in China continues to thrive today

96. Geography Natural barriers isolated ancient China from all other civilizations Natural barriers isolated ancient China from all other civilizations Pacific Ocean to the east, Taklimakan Desert and Plateau of Tibet to the west, Himalayas to the southwest, Gobi desert to the north Pacific Ocean to the east, Taklimakan Desert and Plateau of Tibet to the west, Himalayas to the southwest, Gobi desert to the north

97. River Systems 2 major rivers systems flow from the mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean 2 major rivers systems flow from the mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean Huang He River or Yellow River is found in the north Huang He River or Yellow River is found in the north Chang Jiang River or Yangtze River in central China Chang Jiang River or Yangtze River in central China

99. Environmental Challenges Flood’s could be disastrous Flood’s could be disastrous Early civilizations had to rely on their own goods because of their geographic location Early civilizations had to rely on their own goods because of their geographic location Natural boundaries did not protect them from invaders from the north and south Natural boundaries did not protect them from invaders from the north and south

102. China’s Heartland Only about 10% of China’s land is arable Only about 10% of China’s land is arable Area between the rivers known as the North China Plan Area between the rivers known as the North China Plan Center of Chinese civilization Center of Chinese civilization

103. Ancient Humans in China Fossil remains show that the ancestors of modern humans lived in China 1.7 million years ago Fossil remains show that the ancestors of modern humans lived in China 1.7 million years ago A fossil known as Peking man shows that people settled in the river valley as early as 500,000 years ago A fossil known as Peking man shows that people settled in the river valley as early as 500,000 years ago

105. The First Dynasties Around 2000 BC early settlements grew into cities Around 2000 BC early settlements grew into cities According to legend the first Chinese dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, emerged about this time According to legend the first Chinese dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, emerged about this time Its leader was a mathematician and engineer named Yu whose flood control and irrigation techniques allowed settlers to create cities Its leader was a mathematician and engineer named Yu whose flood control and irrigation techniques allowed settlers to create cities

106. Shang Dynasty First family of Chinese rulers to leave written records First family of Chinese rulers to leave written records Ruled from 1700 BC to 1027 BC Ruled from 1700 BC to 1027 BC Elaborate palaces and tombs Elaborate palaces and tombs

108. Early Cities Anyang- one of the capitals of the Shang Dynasty Anyang- one of the capitals of the Shang Dynasty Unlike Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt, Anyang was built mostly of wood Unlike Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt, Anyang was built mostly of wood Higher classes lived in timber houses with clay and straw walls within the city walls while peasants and craftspeople lived in huts outside the city Higher classes lived in timber houses with clay and straw walls within the city walls while peasants and craftspeople lived in huts outside the city

109. Early Cities The cities were surrounded by massive earthen walls The cities were surrounded by massive earthen walls Archaeological remains at one city include an wall of packed earth 118 feet thick at the base that encircled an area of 1.2 square miles Archaeological remains at one city include an wall of packed earth 118 feet thick at the base that encircled an area of 1.2 square miles Shows us the rulers’ abilities to raise and control large forces of workers Shows us the rulers’ abilities to raise and control large forces of workers

114. Culture Outsiders were considered barbarians because the Chinese saw their country as the center of the civilized world Outsiders were considered barbarians because the Chinese saw their country as the center of the civilized world From earliest times the group seems to be more important than the individual From earliest times the group seems to be more important than the individual A person’s chief loyalty is to family A person’s chief loyalty is to family Owed respect and obedience to the ruler just as they did to elders in their family Owed respect and obedience to the ruler just as they did to elders in their family

115. Family The family is central to Chinese society The family is central to Chinese society Most important virtue is respect for one’s parents Most important virtue is respect for one’s parents Elder men in the family controlled property and made important decisions Elder men in the family controlled property and made important decisions Women were treated as inferiors and were expected to obey their fathers, husbands, and their own sons Women were treated as inferiors and were expected to obey their fathers, husbands, and their own sons The only way for a woman to improve her status was to bear sons for her family The only way for a woman to improve her status was to bear sons for her family

116. Social Classes Society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants Society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants The Shang Dynasty was governed by a ruling class of warrior-nobles headed by a king The Shang Dynasty was governed by a ruling class of warrior-nobles headed by a king Noble families owned all the land and sent tribute to the king in exchange for local control Noble families owned all the land and sent tribute to the king in exchange for local control

117. Religious Beliefs Family was linked closely to religion Family was linked closely to religion Believed that spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family Believed that spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family Spirits were not treated as mighty gods but as troublesome or helpful neighbors who demanded attention and respect Spirits were not treated as mighty gods but as troublesome or helpful neighbors who demanded attention and respect Every family paid respect to the father’s ancestors and made sacrifices in their honor Every family paid respect to the father’s ancestors and made sacrifices in their honor

118. Religion Through the spirits the Shang consulted the gods Through the spirits the Shang consulted the gods They worshipped one supreme god, Shang Di, as well as many lesser gods They worshipped one supreme god, Shang Di, as well as many lesser gods Kings consulted the gods through oracle bones Kings consulted the gods through oracle bones

120. Development of Writing Each character generally stands for on syllable or unit of language Each character generally stands for on syllable or unit of language Practically no links between China’s spoken language and the written language Practically no links between China’s spoken language and the written language Could read the language without knowing how to speak it Could read the language without knowing how to speak it People in all parts of China could understand the written language even though they spoke different languages People in all parts of China could understand the written language even though they spoke different languages

121. Advantages and Disadvantages The written language made it easy to unify a large and diverse land and made control much easier The written language made it easy to unify a large and diverse land and made control much easier Enormous number of written characters to be memorized Enormous number of written characters to be memorized A person needed to know 1500 characters to be barely literate A person needed to know 1500 characters to be barely literate To be a scholar one needed to know 10,000 characters To be a scholar one needed to know 10,000 characters Severely limited the number of educated Severely limited the number of educated

122. Zhou Dynasty Around 1027 BC, a people named the Zhou overthrew the Shang Around 1027 BC, a people named the Zhou overthrew the Shang Culture remained pretty much the same but the new rulers brought some changes to Chinese civilization Culture remained pretty much the same but the new rulers brought some changes to Chinese civilization

123. Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven- a just ruler had divine approval Mandate of Heaven- a just ruler had divine approval A wicked or foolish king could lose the Mandate of Heaven and the right to rule A wicked or foolish king could lose the Mandate of Heaven and the right to rule Central to the Chinese view of government Central to the Chinese view of government Floods riots and other calamities could be signs that the spirits were displeased with a king’s rule Floods riots and other calamities could be signs that the spirits were displeased with a king’s rule Dynastic Cycle-pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties Dynastic Cycle-pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

125. Control through Feudalism Feudalism- political system in which nobles or lords are granted the use of land that legally belongs to the king Feudalism- political system in which nobles or lords are granted the use of land that legally belongs to the king In exchange for land the nobles provided loyalty and military service to the king In exchange for land the nobles provided loyalty and military service to the king

126. Technology Roads and canals were built to improve trade and agriculture Roads and canals were built to improve trade and agriculture Coined money was introduced Coined money was introduced Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed Used iron for weapons and agriculture Used iron for weapons and agriculture

128. End of Zhou Rule Around 256 BC Around 256 BC In 771 BC the capital was sacked and the king was murdered In 771 BC the capital was sacked and the king was murdered Some family members escaped and set up a new capital but they were unable to control the nobles Some family members escaped and set up a new capital but they were unable to control the nobles