1. Popes and Kings Chapter 18, Section 1 Notes Learning Objective: Today we will learn that popes and kings dominated European society in the Middle Ages.

2. Vocabulary excommunicate- cast out from the church Pope Gregory VII- pope who excommunicated Emperor Henry IV. Emperor Henry IV- emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages

3. Kingdoms and Empires 1.The two types of leaders who were the most powerful in European society were the popes and the kings. 2.In 1000 Europe was divided into several states, the states were ruled by kings. 3.In England and France, sons inherited their thrones from their fathers. This process was like the dynasties we talked about earlier in the year. 4.In the Holy Roman Empire the empire’s nobles elected their rulers. They needed the pope’s approval to rise to power.

4. Europe 1000 AD

5. CFU What two types of leaders ruled over Europe during the Middle Ages? How did the Holy Roman Empire choose their leaders?

6. Christian Church in Western Europe 5. In Western Europe the pope was the head of the Roman Catholic church. People saw the pope as God’s representative on Earth. 6. The pope had the power to excommunicate people from the church. 7. Most people in Europe were Christians, so the pope became very powerful.

7. CFU How was the pope able to gain so much power during the Middle Ages?

8. Christian Church in Eastern Europe 8. Bishops were the head of the Christian Church in Eastern Europe. 9. The Bishops wanted to control all religious affairs in Eastern Europe. The Pope disagreed. 10. Pope Leo excommunicates a bishop in Constantinople because he did not recognize his authority, this splits the Christian church into two parts.

9. CFU Who were the religious leaders of the Christian Church in Eastern Europe?

10. The Church Splits 11. The church that the bishop of Constantinople created after he was excommunicated by Pope Leo IX was the Orthodox Church. 12. People who supported Bishops were members of the Orthodox Church. 13. Europeans who supported the popes became known as Roman Catholics.

11. Christian Church Splits Add this on the bottom of your notes! Catholic Church Supported the Pope Known as Roman Catholics Most supporters lived in Western Europe Orthodox Church Supported the Bishops Known as Orthodox Christians Most supporters lived in Eastern Europe

12. CFU Explain what caused the Christian church to split into two main groups in Europe. Name one difference between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches that were located in Europe during the Middle Ages.

13. Kings and Popes Clash As popes worked to increase their power they often came into conflict with kings. For example, kings thought they should be able to select bishops in their countries. Popes, on the other hand argued that only they could choose religious officials. In 1073 a new pope came to power in Rome His name was Pope Gregory VII. Trouble arose when Gregory disapproved of a bishop chosen by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Angry because the pope questioned his authority, Henry convinced Germany’s bishops that they should remove Gregory as pope. In response, the pope excommunicated Henry. He called on the empire’s nobles to overthrow Henry. Desperate to stay in power, Henry went to Italy to ask the pope for forgiveness. Gregory refused to see him. For three days Henry stood barefoot in the snow outside the castle where Pope Gregory was staying. Eventually, Gregory accepted Henry’s apology and allowed the emperor back into the church. Gregory had proven himself more powerful than the emperor, at least for that moment. The fight over the right to choose bishops continued even after Henry and Gregory died. In 1122 a new pope and emperor reached a compromise. They decided that church officials would choose all bishops and abbots. The bishops and abbots, however, would still have to obey the emperor. This compromise did not end all conflict. Kings and popes continued to fight for power throughout the Middle Ages, changing lives all over Europe.

14. CFU Read “Kings and Popes Clash”. Write a brief newspaper article that explains the clash between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV. Be sure to use the 5 w’s and a how when writing your article. (Explain who, what, where, when, why, and how.)