1. A Brief History of Behaviour Analysis
BST2002

2. Behaviour Analysis
Behaviourism (worldview or philosophy of behaviour analysis)
Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (focuses on identifying and analyzing the basic principles and process that explain behaviour).
Applied Behaviour Analysis (focuses on solving problems of social importance using the principles and procedures of behaviour analysis.

3. Sir Francis Bacon ( )
Philosophical advocate of the scientific method.
Father of Empiricism
Novum Organum (1620)
Thought that scientific work should be aimed at improving humankind.
Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of thescientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.
“We cannot command nature except by obeying her”

4. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Father of Evolution HMS Beagle
Natural selection & the struggle for survival
On the Origin of the Species (1859)
HMS Beagle

5. Claude Bernard ( )
A pioneer in the fight for objectivity in science.
First to suggest “blind” experiments.
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)
“We formulate hypotheses elucidating, as we see it, the relation of cause and effect for particular phenomena. We test the hypotheses. And when an hypothesis is proved, it is a scientific theory. “Before that we have only groping and empiricism”

6. Jaques Loeb (1859-1924) German Physiologist and Biologist
The Organism as a Whole (1916)
Animal/Plant Tropisms (changes in response to the environment)
Watson’s professor
Was professor to John Watson, Mark Twain also wrote an essay titled "Dr. Loeb's Incredible Discovery", which urges the reader not to support a rigid general consensus, but instead be open to new scientific advances.
“Since Pavlov and his pupils have succeeded in causing the secretion of saliva in the dog by means of optic and acoustic signals, it no longer seems strange to us that what the philosopher terms an 'idea' is a process which can cause chemical changes in the body.” The Mechanistic Conception of Life (1912), 63. 

7. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936)
Russian Physiologist initially studying primary function of digestive glands,
Influenced by Darwin.
Discovered the Conditioned Reflex
Nerves of the heart, primary function of digestive glands, the conditioned reflex.

9. Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949)
Cat Box Puzzle
Animal Intellegence (1908)
Law of Effect
Educational Psycholgy (1903)
“Any act which in a given situation produces satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, and when the situation reoccurs the act is more likely to reoccur than before”.

11. John Watson (1878-1958) Declared War on Mentalism Law of Parsimony
Little Albert
Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913)
1920: forced resignation from Johns Hopkins university
Marriage deteriorated and led to divorce due to his infidelities
Entered advertising field, where he tried to predict and control human behavior
Addressed public thru magazines, spreading the cause
Where he became even more of a celebrity
"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness.”

13. Mary Cover Jones (1897-1987) “Mother of Behaviour Therapy”
Desensitization or “Unconditioning” fear responses of Infants
(Baby Peter)
Developmental antecedents of problem drinking

14. Clark Hull (1884-1952) Laws of Behaviour
Used mathematic formulas to predict rates of responding.
Drive Theory.
Survival value as central theme
Organisms suffer deprivation; deprivation creates needs; needs activate drives; drives activate behavior; behavior is goal directed; achieving the goal has survival value.

15. Edward Tolman (1886-1959) Rat Mazes
Wanted to know how the study of behaviour could inform mental processes.
Stimulus-Stimulus rather then Stimulus-Response
Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men (1932)
Influenced on cognitive psycholgy (cogntive maps, decision theory)
Rival with Toleman

17. Burris Fredric Skinner (1904-1990)
Father of Operant Conditioning
Founder of Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Radical Behaviorism
Behaviour of Organisms (1938)
Walden 2 (1948)
Science & Human Behaviour (1953)
Verbal Behaviour (1957)
Technology of Teaching (1968)

19. Richard J. Herrnstein (1920-1994)
Proposed The Matching Law (1961) to quantify relation between rate of response and rate of reinforcement in two-alternative response (choice) experiments
R = Rate of responding r=rate of reinforcement
Organisms apparently allocate responding and time proportional to reinforcement rates. Decades of experimental analysis and mathematicizing ensue. Herrnstein was an ex-student of Skinner's and S. S. Stevens who became a Harvard colleague. Although his contributions to behavior analysis are of great significance, he was better known by the scientific community and the public at large for his writings on crime, intelligence theory and social policy.

20. Fred S. Keller ( )
Pioneer in experimental analysis of behaviour
Personalized System of Instruction
"Goodbye teacher...“ (1968) 
Functional Analysis of Depression (1973) spurred Behavioural Activation Therapy.

21. Sidney Bijou
One of the founding fathers of applied behaviour analysis.
Three Term Contingency (ABCs)
Applied operant conditioning techniques to children with “behaviour disorders”

22. Ogden Lindsley (1992-2004) -Founder of applied behaviour analysis
Among first to apply operant technology to studying behaviour of chronic and acute psychotic children and adults
Precision Teaching
Celeration Charting
"It is hard to keep your humor when you accept the fact that you invested 25 years in developing methods that can help your nation out of the educational abyss into which it is racing. You made these methods inexpensive. You made them clear. You helped illustrate their worth. You made them attractive. Yet they are ignored or rejected because of popular myth and bigotry.

23. Donald M. Baer Father of Applied Behaviour Analysis
Pioneering work with children in applied settings
Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis (1968)
An implicit technology of generalization (1977)

24. Ole Ivar Lovaas ( )
Father of Intensive Behavioural Intervention
Obtained significant results in the treatment of 19 children with autism in 1987, with approximately half reported to obtain a “normal level of educational and intellectual functioning”

25. Brian Iwata Paradigm shift of 1982
Transition from Behaviour Modification to Applied Behaviour Analysis
Pioneered experimental investigation of behaviour function
Interventions based less on trial an error

26. Some Significant Events…
1912: Thorndike’s Puzzle Boxes with Cats
1920: Watson’s experiment with Little Albert
1930: Skinner Invents Operant Chamber
1948: Walden 2 Published
1949: Fuller’s “Operant conditioning of a vegetative human organism.”
1950: Keller & Schoenfeld’s Principles of Psychology
1953: Sidman, free operant avoidance
1957: Fester & Skinner, Schedules of Reinforcement
1958: SEAB & JEAB
1959: Allyon & Fester, Psychiatric Nurse as behavioral engineer

27. Some Significant Events…
1961: Sidman, Tactics of Scientific Research
1964: APA Division 25
1968: JABA
1968: Bijou’s three-term-contingency used in applied settings
1975: Association for Behavior Analysis
1977: Carr’s “Motivation of Self-Injurious Behaviour”
1977: JOBM
1982: Iwata et. Al, Functional Analysis of SIB
1987: Lovaas / UCLA study on treatment of Autism
1993: Let Me Hear Your Voice, Catherine Maurice
2001: Hayes, Relational Frame Theory & ACT
RFT is a behavioural approach to language and complex behaviour

28. 1968: SEAB begins publishing the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) and names M. Wolf as its first editor. D. Baer, M. Wolf, and T. Risley, now at the University of Kansas, define the field in their seminal paper, "Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis." JABA, 1, This one of the most frequently cited articles in the field of behavior analysis.
From: Michael, Jack (2005). Important Developments in Behavior Analysis Presentation

29. Applied Analysis People (1968-1977)
Wolf, Baer, Risley, Ayllon, Azrin, Bijou, Hall, Hart, Hopkins, Lindsley, Madsen, Phillips, Thomas, Bailey, Barlow, Born, Bostow, Brigham, Bushell, Clark (H. D.), Dietz, Drabman, Fawcett, Fixen, Foxx (R. M.), Garcia, Goetz, Goldiamond, Guess, Harris (V. W.), Hartmann, Hayes, Hopkins, Iwata, Johnson (S. M.), Johnston (K. M.), Kazdin, Koegel, Kohlenberg, Kratochwill, Lahey, Lovaas, Madsen, Miller (L. K.), Neef, Nordquist, O'Brian, O'Leary, Osborne, Phillips, Powell, Quilitch, Redd, Repp, Sailor, Sajwaj, Sanders, Schnelle, Schreibman, Semb, Sherman (J. A.), Stolz, Strain, Twardosz, Van Houten, Wahler, Walker, Whitehead, Zimmerman.
From: Michael, Jack (2005). Important Developments in Behavior Analysis Presentation

30. Basic Analysis People (1958-1974)
Skinner, Sidman, Bijou, Anger, Appel, Ayllon, Azrin, Badia, Baron,, Bindra, Bloomfield, Blough, Bolles, Byrd, Boren, Brady, Bullock, Campbell, Catania, Clark (F.C.), Cohen, Cumming, D'Amato, Dardano, Davis, Davison, Day, Dews, Dinsmoor, Falk, Farmer, Ferster,Findley, Gollub, Hake, Hanson, Hearst, Hefferline, Hendry, Herrick, Herrnstein, Hineline, Hodos, Hoffman, Holtz, Hutchinson, Kelleher, Killeen, Lane, Laties, Mechner, Migler, Millinson, Morse (W. H.), Neuringer, Nevin, Pierrel, Pliskoff, Powell, Premack, Rachlin, Reynolds, Rilling, Schneider, Schoenfeld, Segal, Shimp,Shull,, Staddon, Stebbins,Terrace, Thomas (D. R.), Thomas (J. R.), Thompson, Todorov, Ulrich, Verhave, Waller, Weiner, Weiss, Weissman, Williams (B. A. ), Zeiler, Zimmerman.
From: Michael, Jack (2005). Important Developments in Behavior Analysis Presentation