1. Asian Empires Indian Ocean Trade, Ming, Qing China & Japan

2. A. Asian Sea Trading Networks  Crucial points – where trade converged  Mouths of the Red Sea & Persia Gulf; Straight of Malacca  West – Arab zone  Glass, carpets, tapestries  India  Cotton textile  China  Paper, porcelain and silk  Raw materials – trade long distanc  Highest price= spices (mainly from Sri Lanka + Indonesia http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__OU3_tgvzrY/TKk6Le1CX9I/AAAAAAAAAAM/3NLgu87T- B4/s1600/trade%20route.jpg

3. I. Indian Ocean Trade

5. Vasco Da Gama http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Ost45tmkvuk/THFBTzBNmMI/AAAAAAAADMc/x4fTOSZ8P Hw/s1600/da-gama.jpg http://www.funstuffonly.com/renaissance_learning/images/dagama_route.jpg

6. B. Portugal – Indian Ocean  Two Characteristics before Portugal's arrival:  No central control  Military force absent – exchanges peaceful  Portuguese use violence to enter Asian trade markets  Force E. African and Asians to pay tribute  Why? Unthinkable to relinquish silver/gold due to Mercantilism  Conquered “choke points”  Goa (1510), Malacca (1511) etc

7. C. Outmaneuvered by GB and NL  Aim:  monopoly over key Asian products  Control did not last long  Overextended and Indian Ocean = too large  Dutch and English Rivals (emerged early 17 th C)  Dutch captured Batavia (Java)  Aim: monopoly spices control not trade in general  Trading empire = fortified towns & factories (aka like Portugal)  Long run ->came to rely on fees charged for shipping - peaceful trade way to go  British relied on India

8. D. Missionary work -onshore  Europeans not militarily advanced => coexistence  Exceptions:  Dutch conquered Java (grew cinnamon & Coffee)  Spain – The Philippines  Both set up tribute regimes – locals paid in form of agricultural products  Missionary work  – indifference by Dutch & GB but P & ES essential aim  India looks most promising  Jesuits – Francis Xavier and Robert de Nobili  Mostly successful w/ lower castes & dalits

9. http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/images/maps/china-ming-large.gif II. Ming China 1368-1644

10. A. The Beginnings - 1368  Yuan Dynasty came to an end in 1368  Founder of Ming : Zhu Yuanzhang = Hongwu  1 st order of business: rid china of all traces of Mongols  Moved capital to Nanjing  Choked off relations w/ Central Asia & Middle East

11. B. Ming Government - Policies  Reestablished Confucian bureaucracy  Revived civil service exams  Reopened imperial academies  Developed the Great Ming law code

12. C. Application of Rule  Emperor Hongwu dismissed chief ministers -> instead ruled directly  Utilized public humiliation to impress honesty among bureaucrats  Exiled potential rivals to provinces

13. D. Women  Emperors wife – come from humble origins  played strong roles behind the scene  Confucian Relationships – Filial piety  Subordinate relationship  Success hinged on bearing male children  Lower classes –> courtesans or entertainers  Foot-binding continued

14. E. Agricultural and Industrial Development  Reforestation project (1390s) 50 mill trees  Better Rice – Champa Rice (SE Asia)  grown in ½ the time => larger harvest  Introduced Crop rotation  Sweet Potato maize, peanuts => expanded agriculture=> rapid pop growth  100 mill in 1500 to 225 mill by 1750  Manufacturing aided by pop growth  Wages kept low  European access limited to Macao & Canton The Silver Sink - more than ½ of world silver ends up in China

15. NAVAL POWER & ZHENG HE

16. F. Naval Power and Zheng He  The world’s greatest naval power.  1405-33 Muslim eunuch Zheng Ho sailed 7 voyages for diplomacy and trade.  The armada incl. treasure boats (or Bao- Chuan), = largest wooden ships ever built.  Fleet of 300+ ships; 30,000 men = covered 10,000 miles

18.  By 1435 court scholars convinced Emperor Chengzu to abandon naval explorations  Reasons:  Wasteful  Encouraged foreign ideas  Bring ruin to China

19. G. Art, Religion and Literature  Promoted Neo-Confucianism  Literature  Monkey, the Water Margin etc  Porcelain  The Great Wall

20. Ming China 1368- 1644

21. The Forbidden City  3 rd Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) moved capital to Beijing  Built the Forbidden City  Combination: fortress, religious site, bureaucratic center and imperial residence.

22. H. Fall of the Ming  Internal eco Collapse  Flow of silver & tax policies  Disruption of Trade  Extravagant lifestyle of Imperial family  Declining efficiency of govt  Series of famines -> Peasant revolts  External invasions  Manchu invaders => Qing Dynasty

23. III. Qing China 1644-1912  Your Subtopics Go Here

24. A. Expansion of the Qing  1 st dynasty to eliminate all dangers from across its land borders  Conquered  Mongolia, into Central Asia, Taiwan & Tibet

25. B. Politics  Manchu rule – not Han  Resisted by native Han  2% of pop= Manchu  Use Chinese Confucian Civil Service System  Yet Chinese forbidden to hold highest offices  Neo-Confucian philosophy  obedience of subject to ruler  Dual appointments ie ensure loyalty  Chinese = substantive work  Manchu = supervisory role  Forbidden to trade or do manual labor

26. Important Emperors  Periods w economic, military & cultural Achievements  Kangxi (1662-1722)  1 st half of rule = stabilization  2 nd half = attention to eco prosperity + patronage of art & Culture  Win over scholarly elite  Qianlong (1736-1796)  Expanded- created multiethnic state  Universal ruler – appealed to all ethnicities  Maintained foreign trade zones  Canton system (1760) – limit access

27. C. Economy  Public works projects  Irrigation, walls, gates; Grand Canal (for trade)  Win popularity => light taxes (only on farmers) ; laissez-faire approach  Increase trade w/ Japan & Europe  Continued Export of Porcelain, silk & spices  Development of merchant hierarchy

28. D. Social & Religious  Discriminated against Han  Han men = wear hair in a braid  Forbid women to bind their feet  Rule impossible to enforced – repealed in 1688  Intermarriage forbidden  Christianity grew rapidly  Matteo Ricci  Churches built; education spread  Outlawed in 1830-40s  Buddhism, Taoism & ancestor worship continue

29. Unifying Japan Japan consist of 4 main islands. In close proximity to Korea in the Southwest It is an island country => aided its attempt to isolate itself. Japan consist of 4 main islands. In close proximity to Korea in the Southwest It is an island country => aided its attempt to isolate itself.

30. A. Unification – by 3 military leaders  The Sengoku Period = Warring states  lasted 1467-1568  Engaged in civil war betw daimyos  1 st Daimyo = Oda Nobunaga  Bring all of Japan under “a single Sword”  1568 Captured ancient capital of Kyoto  Quick to embrace western firearms  1 st to use firearms in battle  By 1582 died in battle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Odanobunaga.j pg/300px-Odanobunaga.jpg

31.  2 nd : Toyotomi Hideyoshi (by 1584 supreme commander)  1590: Gained control of most of Japan  1592 unsuccessful invasion of Korea  1598 Hiedeyoshi died => forces withdrawn from Korea  1593 “Sword Hunt”  forbade peasants from possessing weapons http://www.samurai-archives.com/image/hideyo1.jpg

32.  3 rd Tokugawa Ieyasu  1600 emerged as most powerful war-lord  1603 awarded title of Shogun  Authority to rule Japan in all military matters  Founded shogunate ruled Japan for 260 yrs. (until 1867)  Established govt in Edo  Ordered Japan’s daimyo warlords to supply labor and materials  The “alternate attendance policy” assured loyalty of local Daimyo  Through fall of Osaka Castle (1615) -> dynasty secured

33. B. Economy & Society  1600 & 1700: High achievement of artisanship  Skill in steel making, pottery, lacquer ware; porcelain  Early 1600s manufacturer & merchants => enormous family fortunes  End of 1700s merchants families held key to future modernizations & heavy industry  Way of the Samurai

34. C. Foreigners & Religion  1543 Portuguese arrive – shipwrecked  Local daimyo intrigued by firearms  Make copies +ask Portuguese for shooting lessons.  1549 Jesuits missionaries settle  Driven by access to firearms Daimyos allow Jesuits.  Christian missionaries initially accepted  Trade w/ European merchants valued by Hideyoshi  By 1587 saw Christianity as a threat to his control of Japan.  Edit outlawing Christianity  Expelled missionaries  Edit ineffective, missionaries continued

35.  Hideoyshi intensified persecution of Christians (1597)  24 Christians executed  1606 Anti-Christian Decrees  1610 Missionaries expelled by Ieyasu  Shimabara Uprising = Christian Revolt  To maintain political stability -> all Christian activity is prohibited among Japanese.  Foreign trade limited  Dutch confined to Dejima Island (1641)  Portuguese banned; all foreigners expelled (1639)

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