2. The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire

4. The Italian Peninsula in the 8th Century BC The Italian Peninsula is very mountainous. The área around the river Po is the only large plain Etruscans: independant city states ruled by kings. They were good farmers and merchants. Polytheists and buried their dead in decorated tombs.They settled between the rivers Tiber and Amo Latins: they settled in the center of the península where Rome is today. Greeks: had founded colonies in the south of the península and Sicily

5. How did Rome get its name? Rome is now the capital city of Italy. 2,000 years ago it was the centre of the Roman Empire. Building started in 753 BC.It was ruled by a monarchy. Twin boys, Romulus and Remus, were the sons of Mars (the Roman god or war). An evil uncle took them as babies from their mother and threw them into the River Tiber to drown. The babies floated to land, and a mother wolf fed and cared for them. Later a herdsman looked after the twins until they grew up.

6. Years later, Mars told his twin sons to build a city where they had been found. The city was Rome. One day, Remus made fun of the wall Romulus had built around the city. The twins argued, fought, and Romulus killed Remus. Today, historians and archaeologists agree that people were living in Rome long before 753 BC, but the legend is one of the most famous in world history.

7. What was the Roman Republic? There were two periods of Roman government. –Roman Republic 509 BCE-27 BCE People’s assemblies- voted and made laws Magistrates – were elected annually Senate – foreign policy, army, religion, law and courts Mediterranean Sea- Punic wars against Carthage ended 146 BC with a Roman victory Control of the Iberian Peninsula 218- 19BC The Republic ended with Julius Caesar took control of Rome and the empire began

8. What was the Roman Empire? Roman Empire 27 BCE-476 CE The term “Roman Empire” refers to the time period, beginning with Augustus, (Caesar’s adopted son), when Rome was ruled by emperors. Pax romana social-political and economic stability which lasted until the 2 nd century AD Territorial conquests Crisis of the Third Century- decline- corruption, barbarian invasions, increased taxation and communication with colonies

9. Octavian Becomes Augustus Octavian became the ruler of Rome after his forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning “most high” 23 BCE – Augustus was made consul for life by the Senate –Also made “Princeps,” meaning “first citizen” Origin of the word “prince” –Also made “Imperator,” meaning “successful general” Origin of the word “emperor” –Also made “Pontifex Maximus,” or “chief religious leader Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to describe the pope today) –Also made a tribune –He had the power to call the Senate, veto the Senate’s laws, and make laws himself

10. Rome under Augustus: A Golden Age Attempted to reform public morals by promoting family life (largely unsuccessful). Began the practice of declaring emperors gods, and of picking their own successors. Built and maintained the empire’s infrastructure (e.g., roads). Encouraged the growth of business. Established fire and police departments for Rome. Established a strong money system. Extended citizenship to more and more provincials. Said he “found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea during the reign of Augustus.

11. Pax Romana – Roman Peace Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond Complete control = almost no warfare This peace lasted nearly 200 years More and more provincials were granted official Roman citizenship

12. Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE) The end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius was the end of the Pax Romana (27 BCE- 180 CE) The characters in the Russell Crowe film “Gladiator” are very loosely based on Marcus Aurelius and Commodus

13. The Fall of the Roman Empire? End of the Empire 395 AD Theodosius divided the Empire in two The Eastern Roman Empire Constantinople The Western Roman Empire Rome In 467 A.D. the Germanic people deposed the last Western Roman Emperor The Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire -15 centure A.D

14. The Two Empires Emperor Diocletian had believed that dividing the empire for administrative purposes would strengthen the empire –He was wrong –Once Constantine set up Constantinople as a capital city, the east/west split deepened Western (Roman) Empire –Ended officially in 476 CE when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian, Odoacer Eastern (Byzantine) Empire –Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks

15. Constantine (312-337 CE) Moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium –Renamed the city Constantinople Today the city is Istanbul (in modern Turkey) Constantine and Christianity –His mother, Helena, had converted to Christianity –Edict of Milan (313 CE) Christianity legalized (religious toleration) –Converted to Christianity on his deathbed

16. Nero (54-68 CE) Considered a tyrant Came to power after his mother allegedly poisoned his predecessor, Claudius Murdered his mother, his stepbrother, and two of his wives Also killed his teacher, the famous philosopher Seneca Fire in Rome (64 CE) –Nero was accused of setting the fire, and of fiddling while the city burned –Nero blamed the fire on the new religious group known as “Christians” Forced to commit suicide

17. Life in Ancient Roman cities A Typical Day A typical Roman day would start off with a light breakfast and then off to work. Work would end in the early afternoon when many Romans would take a quick trip to the baths to bathe and socialize. At around 3pm they would have dinner which was as much of a social event as a meal.

18. Ancient Roman Jobs Ancient Rome was a complex society that required a number of different job functions and skills to function. Most of the menial tasks were performed by slaves. Here are some of the jobs a Roman citizen might have:

19. Farmer - Most of the Romans who lived in the countryside were farmers. The most common crop was wheat which was used to make bread. Soldier - The Roman Army was large and needed soldiers. The army was a way for the poorer class to earn a regular wage and to gain some valuable land at the end of their service. It was a good way for the poor to move up in status. Merchant - Merchants of all sorts sold and bought items from around the Empire. They kept the economy rolling and the Empire rich

20. Craftsman - From making dishes and pots to crafting fine jewellery and weapons for the army, craftsmen were important to the empire. Some craftsmen worked in individual shops and learned a specific craft, usually from their father. Others were slaves, who worked in large workshops that produced items in large quantities such as dishes or pots. Entertainers - The people of Ancient Rome liked to be entertained. Just like today, there were a number of entertainers in Rome including musicians, dancers, actors, chariot racers, and gladiators. Lawyers, Teachers, Engineers - The more educated Romans could become lawyers, teachers, and engineers.

21. Government The government of Ancient Rome was huge. There were all sorts of government jobs from tax collectors and clerks to high ranking positions like Senators. The Senators were the wealthy and the powerful. Senators served in their position for life and at times there were as many as 600 members of the Senate.

22. The Economy Agriculture: cereals, beans, fruit, grapes and olives. They used fertilizers i farming, irrigation, crop rotation and land fallowing. Framers raised livestock: goats, chickens, geese, ducks, sheep and pigs. Tools: ploughs, rakes, spades, pruning shears. Animals carried out farming tasks.

23. Agriculture Farms could be big or small. The big ones belonged to rich Roman citizans and there were large villas on them where slaves and tenant farmes worked. Small farms belonged to peasants.

24. Craftwork Romans made textiles, furniture, weapons, jewellery, pottery etc…. These activities were usually carried out in the cities.

25. Trade The romans traded a lot with Hispania: wheat, wine, garum and metals Syria provided them with: gold, silver and copper as well as livestock and metals. They also traded outside the Empire. North and Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia where the bought and sold slaves, animal skins, gold, ivory, gemstones, spice, perfumes and silks.

26. Society Society – free people and slaves Patricians- nobles - held all political positions and were very rich. Plebeians- most people- held some rights, did not participate in giovernment. They fought for equal rights during the Republic.

27. Slaves Slaves had no rights, they could be bought and sold just like any other object. They were not paid and did all the heavy work and unpleasant Jobs. People became slaves if they were captured in war, if the didn’t pay their debts, if they were children of slaves. They could buy their freedom and then they were called Liberti

28. Tenant farmers They were free people who worked the land of rich kland owners. They had to do what the landowner’s told them.

29. What was life like for a Roman women? Life for women in Roman times was often hard. Mother was less important than father in the family. Father had the power of life or death over everyone. When a new baby was born it would be laid at its father's feet - if the father picked the baby up it would live, but if he ignored the baby it would be taken away to die. Women were expected to run the home, cook meals, and raise children. If they were wealthy, women were lucky; they had slaves to do the work.

30. What was life like for a Roman women? Many girls were married at the age of 14. Marriages were often arranged between families. A man could divorce his wife if she did not give birth to a son. Many women died young (in their 30s), because childbirth could be dangerous, and diseases were common.

31. Roman towns Roman cities were surrounded by defensive walls and had two main streets The Cardo- going from north to south The decumanus running from east to west Domus: rich peope’s houses had courtyard, surrounded by bedrooms, dining room and a room for receiving visitors

32. Domus: one rich family

33. Insulae: many families

35. Jupiter Jupiter Greek name Zeus Jupiter was the supreme god.Jupiter was the supreme god.

36. Juno Juno Greek name Hera Juno was the goddess of marriag and protector of women.Juno was the goddess of marriag and protector of women.

37. Venus Venus Greek name Aphrodite Venus was the goddess of love, beauty and fertility.Venus was the goddess of love, beauty and fertility.

38. Mars Mars Greek name Ares Mares was the god of war.Mares was the god of war.

39. Vulcan Vulcan Roman name Hephaestus Vulcans was the lame god of fire and crafts or the two together, hence of blacksmiths.Vulcans was the lame god of fire and crafts or the two together, hence of blacksmiths.

40. Diana Diana Greek name Artems Diana was the goddess of the hunt. She helped women in childbirth, but also brought sudden death with her arrows.Diana was the goddess of the hunt. She helped women in childbirth, but also brought sudden death with her arrows.

41. Bacchus Bacchus Greek name Dionysus Bacchus was the god of wine.Bacchus was the god of wine.

42. Mercury Mercury Greek name Hermes Mercury was the messenger of the gods and guide of dead souls to the Underworld.Mercury was the messenger of the gods and guide of dead souls to the Underworld.

43. Neptune Neptune Greek name Poseidon Neptune was the god of the sea, earthquakes and horses.He spent most of his time in his watery domain.Neptune was the god of the sea, earthquakes and horses.He spent most of his time in his watery domain.

44. APOLLO APOLLO Roman name Apollo Apollo was the god of prophesy, music and medicine.Apollo was the god of prophesy, music and medicine.

45. Minerva Minerva Greek name Minerva Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, arts and sciences.Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, arts and sciences.

46. Ceres Ceres Greek name Demeter Ceres was the goddess of agriculture and fertility.Ceres was the goddess of agriculture and fertility.

47. Pluto Pluto Greek name Hades Pluto was the God of the dead and ruler of the Underworld.Pluto was the God of the dead and ruler of the Underworld.

48. Christianity Christianity started in the Roman province of Judea Pax Romana and Roman infrastructure –Early Christians, as citizens of the Roman Empire, could travel freely throughout the empire –There was a significant number of Christians in Rome by 64 CE, the year Nero blamed them for the fire (ca. 30 years after Jesus died) Christianity finally gained acceptance with the Edict of Milan (313 CE) and Constantine’s conversion –Future Roman emperors were Christians –As the Western Roman Empire fell apart, the city became the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church The Pope used the imperial title “Pontiff” The Church ended up ruling the city of Rome and surrounding areas Church used Roman administrative districts, such as dioceses, in its administration

49. Architecture The Romans constructed a lot of public buildings and engineering Works. Aqueduct Amphitheatre Circus Basilica Roads Bridges Thermal baths Theatres See pages 192-193 of student’s book

50. Sculpture There were two main types of sculpture Portrait- face – idealistic or realistic Historical relief - military victories

51. The Germanic people The Germanic people settled in the northern borders of the Roman Empire. They were organised in tribes and lived form hunting, livestock and agricultura.in the 3rd Century A.D. they began to invade the Roman Empire, The Romans called them Barnarians. At the end of the 4th century, the Huns, led by King Attila attacked the Germanic tribes who were forced to escape into the Western Roman Empire. The Barbarinas conquered the Western Roman Empire in 476 A.D.

52. Why is ancient Rome so important to world history? Administration of a vast empire Christianity Architecture Engineering Historians Jewish Diaspora Literature Roman law Romance languages Transmission of Greek (Hellenistic) culture The Romans did not necessarily create and invent everything that they are commonly given credit for. What the Romans were best at was taking something (like the Etruscan arch), adapting it, and putting it to great use (such as in the construction of aqueducts).

53. Administration of a Vast Empire Empire included over 100,000,000 people of diverse backgrounds, cultures, and places –Citizenship gradually extended to all free men of the empire Solid, strong bureaucracy that kept things running smoothly the majority of the time –Empire’s administration run by countless proconsuls, procurators, governors, and minor officials –Four prefectures, further divided into dioceses, then into provinces Strong infrastructure –Facilitated movement by officials, soldiers, traders, travelers, etc.

54. Architecture & Engineering A large part of Rome’s success was due to the importance Rome placed on building and maintaining the empire’s infrastructure –Aqueducts, bridges, dams, harbors, roads Public buildings –Amphitheaters (e.g., Colosseum), basilicas (oblong halls), government offices, palaces, public baths, theaters, etc. Architecture –Basic style was copied from the Greeks –Arch copied from the Etruscans –Dome –Vault

56. Literature Playwrights –Plautus and Terence –Mostly a copy of the Greek style But Greek plays were designed to instruct Roman plays were designed merely to entertain Poets –Virgil (70-19 BCE) Aeneid, epic poem based on Homer’s Iliad –Horace (58-8 BCE) Odes Lyric poetry praising an idyllic, simple time in early Roman history

57. Jewish Diaspora Judea-Palestina (roughly modern Palestine or Israel) was a Roman province The Romans put down a series of uprisings The future Emperor Titus destroyed the Second Temple of Jerusalem and carried its spoils to Rome (70 CE) After the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-136 BCE), the Jews were forced to migrate from the area around Jerusalem –Jews were never again a large presence in Israel- Palestine until the 20 th century

58. Roman Law Started with the Twelve Tables (450 BCE) Developed over a thousand years –Included decisions of judges, ideas of the Republic and Empire, and rulings of emperors –Public law Relationship of citizen to state –Private (civil) law Relationships between people –Peoples law (jus gentium) Rights of foreigners Justinian Code (6 th century CE) –Encapsulated the previous 1000+ years of Roman law –Still used as the basis of civil law in many parts of Europe

59. Romance Languages “Romance” meaning “Roman” Romance languages developed from Latin –French –Italian –Portuguese –Romanian –Spanish English –Old English was a Germanic language –William the Conqueror, of Normandy (in France), brought French (a Romance language) to England in 1066 –Middle English (the forerunner of the English spoken today) is a mixture of these old Germanic and French languages –About half of modern English can be traced to Latin Law, medicine, and science –Scientists have traditionally used Latin as a “universal language” –Our scientific names, and most legal and medical terminology, is Latin Religion –The Catholic Church preserved the Latin language –Catholic masses were said in Latin until the 1960s

60. Roman Science The Romans were not great scientists like the Greeks had been –Little original thought Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) –Natural History, a collection of all known botanical, geographical, medical, physiological, and zoological information available –But Pliny never verified his information Galen (131-201 CE) –Summarized all Greek medical knowledge –His work was almost the entire basis for anatomy and physiology studies for centuries to come In science, as in all else, the Romans were practical –Public health and sanitation were important –Aqueducts brought fresh water and sewers took away dirty water –Hospitals served soldiers (triage), etc.

61. Transmission of Greek (Hellenistic) Culture Preserved and transmitted Greek culture to the West Greek texts, etc., were popular in Rome When Rome fell, the Catholic Church (monks) continued to preserve and transmit Greek texts and ideas

62. Review Questions 1.Who split the empire into two halves, and why? 2.Explain the relationship between Emperor Constantine and Christianity. 3.Describe the accomplishments of Emperor Justinian. 4.When did the Western (Roman) and Eastern (Byzantine) empires officially end, and why? 5.Explain the economic, military, political, and social reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire. 6.Name and describe at least three contributions of Roman civilization to world history.