1. The Colonial Population

2. Essential Question  What did colonial society look like in the 17 th and 18 th centuries?

3. Indentured Servitude  ¾ of arrivals in the Chesapeake were indentured servants  Most voluntary (preferred New England colonies)  Involuntary: prisoners, convicts, orphans, vagrants, paupers  Gradual decrease in indentured servitude

4. Birth and Death  At first immigration #1 reason for pop growth  Eventually natural reproduction. Why?  Southern colonies had higher death rates

5. Medicine in the Colonies  No understanding of infection and sterilization  Four Humors must be balanced  Not balanced? Then ill!  Best method to rebalance: purging  Bleeding  Laxatives  “Pukes”

6. Women and Families in the Chesapeake  Abundance of men  Indentured Servants kept from marrying = more premarital relations and bastards  Avg. women gave birth to 8 children  Dangers of child birth  Widows  Independent  Remarried, comp. family structures

7. Women and Families in New England  Sex ratio more balanced  Fewer widows  Absolute male authority  Duties of the female  Girls encouraged to be modest

8. Beginnings of Slavery  Increased demand for slavery. Why?  Most went to Caribbean  Captured in the interior, sold on the coast  Suffered the “Middle Passage”  Status unclear  Slave codes limit rights

9. Triangle Trade Develops  Royal African Company monopoly ends  New England merchants become involved

12. Changing Sources of European Immigration  Less immigrants from England  Standard push and pull factors  Main destination: Middle or Southern colonies

13. The Colonial Economy  British restrictions on manufacturing  Mercantilist policy leads to colonies engaged in agriculture  New England  Logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling  Middle Colonies  Wheat, corn  Indentured servants  Iron-making  Southern Colonies  Tobacco in Chesapeake  Rice and Indigo in S.C. and Georgia  Need for slaves

14. Religion  Colonial gov’t taxed to support one denomination  Established church  Immigrant groups = religious diversity  decline of est. churches  Eve of revolution even Mass. Bay exempted some groups

15. The Great Awakening  1730s -1740s swept through the colonies  God: benign creator?  Fear of growing secularism

16. Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God  New England  Human sinfulness  Heaven vs. Hell?  Vivid imagery

17. George Whitefield  British preacher  Most well known  Spread message in all colonies  Huge crowds, open air  God only saves believers

18. Religious Impact of Great Awakening  Emotionalism  Ministers lost authority as believers were encouraged to study the bible at home  Division of “Old Lights” vs. “New Lights”  More denominations = separation of church and state

19. Education  Limits of learning at home  1647 Massachusetts law each town must set up a school  Quaker schools, “dame” schools  Small # recv’d ed past primary school  Women? Slaves? Native- Americans?  Colleges set up for training of ministers

20. Harvard University, 1636

21. Yale University, 1701

22. University of Pennsylvania, 1765

23. The Press  5 newspapers in 1725  Content: news from Europe, ads for goods/services, return of indentured servants and slaves  1735 John Peter Zenger case vs. royal governor of NY  English common law or freedom of press?