1. Pathophysiology Mr. Woodson Autoimmune Diseases

2. Functions of the Immune System Protect the body from harmful substances such as: Protect the body from harmful substances such as: – pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms) –allergens (substances producing an allergic reaction) –toxins (poisons) –malignant cells (cancer)

3. Structures of Immune System The immune system uses structures of several other systems The immune system uses structures of several other systems

4. Role of Immune System First role of immune system is to protect body from foreign substances First role of immune system is to protect body from foreign substances –Skin-intact is a barrier –Respiratory-cilia, mucous membranes, coughing & sneezing –Digestive-acids, enzymes –Lymphatic-as previously described

5. Immune Response Antigen-virus, bacteria, toxin, Antigen-virus, bacteria, toxin, any foreign substance Antibody-disease fighting protein produced in response presence of an antigen Antigen-Antibody Reaction – immune response, binds antigens to antibodies so other cells of immune system can recognize and destroy them

6. Cells of Immune Reaction Lymphocytes-WBC’s that attack specific microorganisms Lymphocytes-WBC’s that attack specific microorganisms –B cells- specific antibody for specific antigen – usually viruses or bacteria –T cells – can be helper that identify antigens or killer that kill infected cells on contact –Body makes “memory” copies of these cells that are stored to handle these infections in future. Many are stored in spleen.

7. Immunity Natural – passed from mother to infant esp. in breast milk Natural – passed from mother to infant esp. in breast milk Acquired – development of antibodies during attack by infectious agent Acquired – development of antibodies during attack by infectious agent Artificial – also known as immunization – acquired through vaccination Artificial – also known as immunization – acquired through vaccination

8. Immune System Response Factors Health status Health status Age – older or younger at greater risk Age – older or younger at greater risk Heredity Heredity If immune system is weakened it is called immunocompromised If immune system is weakened it is called immunocompromised Opportunistic infections – pathogen that normally does not cause disease in healthy person, attacks compromised individual Opportunistic infections – pathogen that normally does not cause disease in healthy person, attacks compromised individual

9. HIV/AIDS

10. What is it? HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus. What is it? HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus. How do you get it? How do you get it? –Through semen, vaginal fluids or blood contact – it is a sexually transmitted and blood-borne disease. Can also be passed mother to infant and in breast milk. –Most common ways are unprotected sexual intercourse and sharing contaminated IV drug equipment/needles

11. HIV-(human immunodeficiency virus) infection has now spread to every country in the world 40 million people are currently living with HIV infection 25 million have died from HIV/AIDS and there related illnesses.

12. HIV FACTS Globally, 85% of HIV transmission is through heterosexual intercourse Globally, 85% of HIV transmission is through heterosexual intercourse Male-to-male sexual contact still accounts for more than half of new diagnoses in the U.S Male-to-male sexual contact still accounts for more than half of new diagnoses in the U.S 25% of new diagnoses are in women in the U.S. 25% of new diagnoses are in women in the U.S. Globally, 42% of people with HIV are women Globally, 42% of people with HIV are women

13. How Do You NOT Get HIV?? casual, everyday contact casual, everyday contact shaking hands, hugging, kissing shaking hands, hugging, kissing coughs, sneezes coughs, sneezes giving blood giving blood swimming pools, toilet seats swimming pools, toilet seats sharing eating utensils, water fountains sharing eating utensils, water fountains mosquitoes, other insects, or animals. mosquitoes, other insects, or animals.

14. How Does HIV Hurt the Body? The HIV virus attaches itself to the helper T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) and uses it to reproduce new viruses. These helper T cells are eventually destroyed by the virus. The HIV virus attaches itself to the helper T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) and uses it to reproduce new viruses. These helper T cells are eventually destroyed by the virus. As a person’s T cell count drops – they become immunocompromised or susceptible to many types of infection. They now have AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. As a person’s T cell count drops – they become immunocompromised or susceptible to many types of infection. They now have AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

15. How Do You Know You Have HIV? The virus may live for 10 years or more in the body before it causes AIDS. The person will appear healthy but can infect other people. The virus may live for 10 years or more in the body before it causes AIDS. The person will appear healthy but can infect other people. You cannot tell if a person is HIV positive by looking at them! You cannot tell if a person is HIV positive by looking at them! The blood test for HIV is the ELISA if this is positive – diagnosis is confirmed by the Western blot test. The blood test for HIV is the ELISA if this is positive – diagnosis is confirmed by the Western blot test.

16. Cures????? There is no cure for AIDS or the HIV infection. It can be treated with drugs called anti- retrovirals that interfere with the viruses ability to replicate itself slowing its progression. There is no cure for AIDS or the HIV infection. It can be treated with drugs called anti- retrovirals that interfere with the viruses ability to replicate itself slowing its progression. One reason a cure has not been found is the fact that the HIV virus mutates so easily – now having 10 sub-types with multiple varieties under each type – even some “resistant” strains. One reason a cure has not been found is the fact that the HIV virus mutates so easily – now having 10 sub-types with multiple varieties under each type – even some “resistant” strains.

17. Dermatitis/Psoriasis

18. Contact Dermatitis Skin reaction characterized by:Edema Vesicles (blisters) Erythema Pruritis (itching) Caused by contact with: Metals Cleansing agents Cosmetics Poison Ivy, Oak Sumac http://poisonivy.aesir.com/view/fastfacts.html

19. Psoriasis There are 5 different types of psoriasis Plaque psoriasis, appears as raised, red patches covered with a silvery white buildup of dead skin cells Guttate psoriasis is a form of psoriasis that often starts in childhood or young adulthood. This is the second most common type of psoriasis, after plaque psoriasis Inverse psoriasis shows up as very red lesions in body folds. It may appear smooth and shiny. Pustular psoriasis in characterized by white pustules (blisters of noninfectious pus) surrounded by red skin. The pus consists of white blood cells. It is not an infection, nor is it contagious.

20. Plaque psoriasis

21. Guttate psoriasis

22. Pustular psoriasis

23. Treatments Topical medicines- cream based medicine or ointment Topical medicines- cream based medicine or ointment Phototherapy- tanning bad Phototherapy- tanning bad Systemic medicine- Systemic medications are prescription drugs that work throughout the body. They are usually used for individuals with moderate to severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Systemic medicine- Systemic medications are prescription drugs that work throughout the body. They are usually used for individuals with moderate to severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Biologic drugs- given by IV or injection. They affect the immune system so you must be healthy and under a doctors care at all times. Biologic drugs- given by IV or injection. They affect the immune system so you must be healthy and under a doctors care at all times.

24. Crohn’s Disease

25. Crohn's (or Crohn) disease is a disease that usually affects the small intestine and less commonly the colon, but it is capable of involving the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract - the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Crohn's (or Crohn) disease is a disease that usually affects the small intestine and less commonly the colon, but it is capable of involving the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract - the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Crohn's disease causes ulceration, swelling, and scarring of the parts of the intestine that it involves

26. How Crohn’s Affects the Body inflammation is initiated by bacteria that reside within the intestine. Whereas most inflammation usually is suppressed and the disease caused by the inflammation subsides, in Crohn's disease the inflammation is not suppressed, and the inflammation continues inflammation is initiated by bacteria that reside within the intestine. Whereas most inflammation usually is suppressed and the disease caused by the inflammation subsides, in Crohn's disease the inflammation is not suppressed, and the inflammation continues

27. Symptoms The first signs of Crohn's disease are small ulcers caused by breaks in the lining of the intestine due to inflammation. The ulcers become larger and deeper. With the expansion of the ulcers comes swelling of the tissue, and finally scarring of the intestine that causes stiffness and narrowing. Ultimately, the narrowing can cause obstruction to the flow of digesting food through the intestines. The first signs of Crohn's disease are small ulcers caused by breaks in the lining of the intestine due to inflammation. The ulcers become larger and deeper. With the expansion of the ulcers comes swelling of the tissue, and finally scarring of the intestine that causes stiffness and narrowing. Ultimately, the narrowing can cause obstruction to the flow of digesting food through the intestines.

28. Symptoms Abdominal Pain & Tenderness Abdominal Pain & Tenderness Diarrhea Diarrhea Fever Fever Iron Deficiency Iron Deficiency Anemia Anemia symptoms can be worsened by eating, the intake of food is reduced, and this leads to loss of weight, and, less commonly, nutritional deficiencies.

29. Treatments Treatment of Crohn's disease is directed at reducing inflammation - treating flares in the activity of the disease, and maintaining remissions Treatment of Crohn's disease is directed at reducing inflammation - treating flares in the activity of the disease, and maintaining remissions

30. Lupus

31. Lupus Lupus is a classic autoimmune disease where a misdirected immune system leads to inflammation and injury to one's own body tissues. Lupus can involve the skin, joints, and internal organs. The heart, lungs, and kidneys can also be affected in some patients. Lupus is a classic autoimmune disease where a misdirected immune system leads to inflammation and injury to one's own body tissues. Lupus can involve the skin, joints, and internal organs. The heart, lungs, and kidneys can also be affected in some patients. 80% of lupus patients are women.

32. Symptoms Rash Muscle Pain Joint Pain Both sides of the body are normally affected. Includes your hands, feet, knees.

33. Treatments Get into groups and find out the treatment, progress, outcome of the disease. You have 20 mins for this. Get into groups and find out the treatment, progress, outcome of the disease. You have 20 mins for this.