1. CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP What is Migration? What is Mobility? Why would someone migrate?

3. MIGRATION A type of mobility Migration is a permanent move to a new location Migration = relocation diffusion Emigration Immigration

4. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Reasons for migration Most people migrate for economic reasons Push and pull factors Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones Cultural factors Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees) Political factors Environmental factors

5. REFUGEES: SOURCES AND DESTINATIONS Figure 3-2

6. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Reasons for migration Push and pull factors Intervening obstacles Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles

7. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Distance of migration Internal migration Two types: Interregional migration = movement from one region to another Intraregional migration = movement within a region

8. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Distance of migration International migration Two types: Voluntary Forced Migration transition International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

9. GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS Figure 3-5

10. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Characteristics of migrants Most long-distance migrants are Male Adults Individuals Families with children = less common

11. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Characteristics of migrants Gender Traditionally, males outnumbered females In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female Family status In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39 Ravenstein answered this question.

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION Ernst Ravenstein: - Answered the question Why do people volunteer to migrate?

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 ST LAW OF MIGRATION  “ Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration”  In other words every outflow of migration produces an inflow.  Migration is not just the number of people leaving the area but also those coming in.  Therefore “net migration” is the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants.  By considering both factors of the “net migration” equation you see the actual growth of the city or suburban area.

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 ND MIGRATION LAW “The Majority of migrants move a short distance” A relatively self-explanatory law of migration. Migrating from small city to yet another small city, such as from Coppell to Austin, is more common than moving internationally. Since migration typically infers “crossing of state and/or political boundaries” this law is extremely helpful to the understanding of migration patterns.

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 RD MIGRATION LAW “Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations” Another law that is fairly obvious; It is far more plausible for someone to move to France for the purpose of living and working in Paris than it is for them to move to France solely to enjoy the French countryside. Typically when people move longer distances their destinations are in or near an urban area.

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 TH MIGRATION LAW “Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas” Those located in heavy industrial or urban areas are more likely to stay there. This migration law is closely related to the costs advantages/disadvantages of urban residents compared to those of rural ones.

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 TH MIGRATION LAW  “Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults”  Young adults have less obligations and transportation costs to worry about when compared to those of a small family.  It is much easier for them to pick up and leave the U.S. on a work permit than it would be for a family to do so.  Aside from the problem of cost it takes more time and effort to move say four people to a new country than it does to move just one.

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. GRAVITY MODEL Uses size of location and distance as factors for travel Size of location takes precedent over distance The gravity model can be used to estimate: Traffic Flows Migration between two areas The number of people likely to use one central place

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. GRAVITY MODEL The GRAVITY MODEL of MIGRATION is a model, derived from Newton's law of gravity. Newton's law states that: "Any two bodies attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them." When used geographically, the words 'bodies' and 'masses' are replaced by 'locations' and 'importance' respectively,. Importance can be measured in terms of population numbers, gross domestic product, or other appropriate variable.

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. DISTANCE DECAY o The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be less. o This phenomenon is known as distance decay.

21. The simplistic version of the gravity model of migration is as follows: Mij = gravity model prediction of migration between origin i and destination j Pi = population of origin State i Pj = population of destination State j dij = distance from origin i to destination j M ij = P i *P j d ij 2

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. GRAVITY MODEL Mij = gravity model prediction of migration between origin i and destination j Pi = population of origin State i Pj = population of destination State j dij = distance from origin i to destination j Pi x Pj Mij= ------------- Dij 2

23. CITYPOPULATION (2012) ATLANTA443,775 NEW YORK CITY8,336,697 KNOXVILLE182,200 AUSTIN842,592 LOS ANGELES3,857,799 CHICAGO2,714,856 TULSA393,987 COMPARE ATLANTA TO EACH OF THE CITIES LISTED

24. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? Global migration patterns Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania The United States has the largest foreign-born population

25. NET MIGRATION BY COUNTRY Figure 3-7

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. FORCED MIGRATION A refugee is “a person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.” However despite this widely accepted definition the line between voluntary migrant and an involuntary one is often hard to read. For this reason it was necessary to catalogue 3 distinguishing factors that set the involuntary migrants apart from others. The Atlantic Slave Trade was a form of Forced Migration

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. REFUGEES  “Most refugees make their first step on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat”  In this scenario the effects of technological advances have no precedence.  Those making their way to an area of safety are most likely to use these means of transportation.  This is because(or should be because) circumstances at the time prevent them from using anything better. Refugees via boat

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. REFUGEES  “Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them”  Due to the urgent circumstances of their situation a refugee would only have time to bring what they absolutely need(food, money, and the close on they are wearing; most likely nothing more).  Anything else would slow them down and prevent them from making it to an area of safety.  Migrants with moving vans and a great deal of personal belongings on them are clearly not going to be considered refugees.

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. REFUGEES “Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration.” Chances are a refugee would not be carrying a passport or ID of any kind. Lack of identification is taken as a sign of being a refugee, or “displaced” person.

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. THE REFUGEE PROBLEM Across the globe refugees have generated “major social problems, ethnic strife, and even environmental problems” Countries unprepared to take on the inflow of migrants suffer because they don’t have the resources to take care of the extra people. It is problem that grows every year and the UN is unsure of a solution.

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA  This portion of the world not only contains the most third world countries of any region of the earth but also the most refugees.  Ethnic borderlines run through many of the African countries in this region causing clashes between the Islam Arabs of the North and the Christian/Traditional South.  The most notable conflict in the region is the one raging in Sudan, which has recently started to get attention from American media.  The introduction of the “Lost Boys”, Sudanese refugees trying to make a better life in America, has shed some light on the issues pertaining to that region of the world.

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. NORTH AFRICA & SW ASIA  This region in particular is known for its religious conflict and hordes of displaced Arab populations including Palestinians and Kurds.  In fact the high numbers of refugees here has left a deep impressions on the American mental map and cultural perception of the region as a whole.  Although the region has somewhat stabilized over the years it will probably never end to due its deep roots in the regions history and culture.  Geographers should expect the region to forever be a source of refugees.

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. SOUTH ASIA  The most influential refugee problem of the region lies among the conflict between the Tamil and Sinhalese of Sri Lanka.  The Tamil demand for autonomy separate from the Sinhalese has meant death for many and an “eviction” of sorts for those alive.  There are those within the Tamil minority that choose to remain peaceful but because the situation has escalated feel its safer to move elsewhere than stay in Sri Lanka.

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. SE ASIA  Unlike other regions of the world SE Asia does not have a consistent flow of refugees coming from any one place.  As time changes apparently so does the country with the most political turmoil(something like a game of “hot potato” with refugee turnout)  Vietnam had an exodus of “boat people” after the war in the 70s.  However later on Cambodia had internal conflict which resulted in refugee flood of over 300,000.

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. EUROPE  The break-up of Yugoslavia was one of the greatest refugee problems of the 20 th century.  As Yugoslavia was in and of itself a country of refugees the world hoped that it would become a “utopia” of sorts or rather a European “us.”  Unfortunately it could not overcome its many inner conflicts and different ethnic clashes.  It failed to create a permanent home for the stateless nations of Europe.

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ELSEWHERE Outside of these realms relatively few places have had problems with refugees. The only recent example is the intranational refugee problem of Columbia in the late 90s. Columbia, known for its frequent production of narcotics, had areas within the country which were attacked by “paramilitary” units also known as “narcoterrorists”. Areas which were attacked were places especially vulnerable because of their “out-of reach” location from government protection.

37. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? U.S. migration patterns Three main eras of migration Colonial migration from England and Africa Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe Recent immigration from LDCs

38. MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Figure 3-8

39. MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM LATIN AMERICA Figure 3-9

40. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? Impact of immigration on the United States Legacy of European migration Europe’s demographic transition Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out 65 million Europeans emigrate Diffusion of European culture

41. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? Impact of immigration on the United States Unauthorized immigration 2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico

42. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? Impact of immigration on the United States Destinations California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants New York = one-sixth of all immigrants Chain migration

43. WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES? Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws The Quota Act (1921) The National Origins Act (1924) Temporary migration for work Guest workers Time-contract workers

44. WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES? Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees Emigrants from Cuba Emigrants from Haiti Emigrants from Vietnam

45. WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES? Cultural problems faced while living in host countries U.S. attitudes towards immigrants Attitudes toward guest workers

46. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE WITHIN A COUNTRY? Migration between regions of a country U.S. settlement patterns Colonial settlement Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s) California Gold Rush in the 1840s Great Plains settlement Recent growth of the South

47. CHANGING CENTER OF THE U.S. POPULATION Figure 3-16

48. U.S. INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION Figure 3-17

49. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE WITHIN A COUNTRY? Migration between regions of other countries Russia Komsomol Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia Economic migration within European countries Restricted migration in India

50. MIGRATION IN EUROPE Figure 3-20

51. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE WITHIN A COUNTRY? Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = economic migration Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = suburban lifestyle Migration from urban to rural areas Counterurbanization

52. INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES Figure 3-21

53. THE END. Up next: Folk and Popular Culture