1. Survivors of the New Imperialism Europeans extend their culture, government and economy.

2. A Western-Dominated World Explain the CAUSES of the “new imperialism.” Explain the CAUSES of the “new imperialism.” Identify multiple reasons to explain why imperialism was successful. Identify multiple reasons to explain why imperialism was successful. Effects of Imperialism! Effects of Imperialism! What is your “view” of this? What is your “view” of this?

3. Imperialism Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region “Old Imperialism”….1500-1800 “Old Imperialism”….1500-1800 –Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the Americas –Europeans only gained toeholds in Africa, India and China

4. Imperialism “New Imperialism”….1800’s “New Imperialism”….1800’s –Western powers were stronger Europeans begin a GLOBAL expansion expansion

6. Causes of the New Imperialism Economic Interests Economic Interests –Industrial Revolution created needs for natural resources  Rubber, manganese, petroleum and palm oil –Manufacturers hoped for new markets –Colonies offered an outlet for expanding population Political and Military Interests Political and Military Interests –Steam powered merchant/naval vessels needed bases to take on coal and supplies –Nationalism led European powers to compete for similar regions –Europeans believed ruling a global empire increased a nation’s prestige

8. Causes of the New Imperialism Social Darwinism Social Darwinism –Growing sense in the West of racial superiority –European races, they argued, were superior to all others and imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species –“Survival of the fittest” OMG!! Whose idea was this? Are they for REAL?

9. Reasons for Success Weakness of Nonwestern States Weakness of Nonwestern States –Older civilizations were in decline –West Africa was experiencing wars due to effects of the slave trade Western Advantages Western Advantages –Strong economies, well-organized governments and powerful armies/navies –Superior technology and medical knowledge  Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam- driven warships

10. Setbacks to Imperialism Resistance Resistance –Africans and Asians strongly opposed western expansion into their lands- DUH –Nationalism movements rose to expel imperialists Criticism at Home Criticism at Home –Some Europeans believed colonialism was a tool of the rich –Argument: Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home but imposing undemocratic rule on other people

11. Spheres of Influence: An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. Europeans carved spheres of influence in China, the US had a sphere - in Latin America - HOW CONVENIENT! Europeans carved spheres of influence in China, the US had a sphere - in Latin America - HOW CONVENIENT!

12. Western Dominated World Review The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of a) colonization. b) imperialism. c) Social Darwinism. d) nationalism. The United States claimed Latin America as a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

13. The Partition of Africa What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s? What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s? How did European contact with Africa increase? How did European contact with Africa increase? How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies? How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies? How did Africans resist imperialism? How did Africans resist imperialism? 2

15. Africa in the Early 1800s Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on. Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region. The Asante controlled smaller states, who were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers. Region had close ties to the Muslim world and remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire. To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began. NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA 2

16. European Contacts Increased 1. 1. From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa. 2. 2. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s. Explorers were fascinated by African geography but had little understanding of the people they met. Most famous European explorer was Dr. Livingstone Catholic and Protestant missionaries sought to win people to Christianity. Most took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of western civilization. EXPLORERS MISSIONARIES 2

17. King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region. European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent. At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves. 2 Scramble for Colonies

19. Imperialism in Africa to 1914 2

20. Boer War When Britain takes control of Cape Colony in 1815, the Boers flee north. When Britain takes control of Cape Colony in 1815, the Boers flee north. Late 1800’s: Boers find gold and diamonds in their new republics Late 1800’s: Boers find gold and diamonds in their new republics Conflict develops between British and Boers Conflict develops between British and Boers 1910: British unite Cape Colony and former Boer republics 1910: British unite Cape Colony and former Boer republics New Constitution set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that would remain in force until 1993 = APARTHAID New Constitution set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that would remain in force until 1993 = APARTHAID British clash with Boers….descendents of the Dutch who had controlled Cape Colony 2

21. NELSON MANDELA

22. The British Take Over India What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion? What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion? How did British rule affect India? How did British rule affect India? How did Indians view western culture? How did Indians view western culture? What were the origins of Indian nationalism? What were the origins of Indian nationalism? 4

23. The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects The British East India Company: Undermined and violated Hindu beliefs – –required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas – –allowing Hindu widows to marry – –ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles The sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. The British took terrible revenge Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust. The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces. CAUSESEFFECTS 4

24. Imperialism in India to 1858 4

25. The British Rule: The British Rule in India began with the coming of the British East India Company in 1600 and continued until Indian independence from British rule in 1947.

26. British Colonial Rule The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. The British revised the Indian legal system. The British revised the Indian legal system. British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools. After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India. 4

27. Different Views on Culture Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress. Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures. Most British knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt. A few British admired Indian theology and philosophy and respected India’s ancient heritage. During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture. INDIAN ATTITUDESBRITISH ATTITUDES 4

28. Indian Nationalism The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. 4

29. The Indian Independence Movement and Mahatma Gandhi: In the 20th century Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in a national campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to contain independence from the British!

31. Effect of Indian civil disobedience!!! ◦Independence and Partition: Religious tension between the Hindus and Muslims had been brewing over the years. The Muslims were a minority and they did not feel secure in the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government and hence made them wary of independence. All through this Mahatama Gandhi called for unity among the two religious groups. The British, whose economy had been weakened after World War 2, decided to leave India. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.

33. In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except a) place India directly under British rule. b) send more troops to India. c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule. d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence. Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress? a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state. b) Its members favored continued British rule c) Its members supported western-style modernization. d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British. 4 British Rule in India Review

34. Summarize: What is IMPERIALISM??? What caused it? Who was involved? Where??? Why does a country feel it is okay to take over another country? EFFECTS: Were there positive outcomes due to Imperialism? Were there negative outcomes due to Imperialism? What did Gandhi have to say about Imperialism? What would Mandela say?

35. Imperialism in China Since the mid 17 th century, Chinese rulers had refused to adopt western ways Since the mid 17 th century, Chinese rulers had refused to adopt western ways As a result, Chinese technology began to fall behind that of the Europeans who will begin to challenge the Middle Kingdom As a result, Chinese technology began to fall behind that of the Europeans who will begin to challenge the Middle Kingdom

36. The Opium War Desperate to end the drain of British silver into Chinese pockets, British merchants began to trade opium in China in the late 18 th century Desperate to end the drain of British silver into Chinese pockets, British merchants began to trade opium in China in the late 18 th century China tried to halt imports of the highly addictive drug China tried to halt imports of the highly addictive drug In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with the Chinese in a conflict called THE OPIUM WAR In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with the Chinese in a conflict called THE OPIUM WAR Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victory Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victory

37. The Opium War

38. Treaty of Nanjing In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing China had to pay for Britain’s war costs, open ports to British trade and give Britain the island of Hong Kong China had to pay for Britain’s war costs, open ports to British trade and give Britain the island of Hong Kong The western powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges including the right to build roads, railroads and factories The western powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges including the right to build roads, railroads and factories

39. Spheres of Influence

40. Chinese Reaction to Imperialism The Taiping Rebellion- from 1850-1864, angry impoverished peasants revolted against Qing officials. Millions were killed and China suffered. The Taiping Rebellion- from 1850-1864, angry impoverished peasants revolted against Qing officials. Millions were killed and China suffered. Boxer Rebellion – in 1900, a group known as the Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China. Armies from the west and Japan crushed the rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign powers even more influence in China. Boxer Rebellion – in 1900, a group known as the Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China. Armies from the west and Japan crushed the rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign powers even more influence in China.

41. The Chinese Revolution In the early 1900’s Chinese nationalism grew in reaction to the increased western presence in China In the early 1900’s Chinese nationalism grew in reaction to the increased western presence in China Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create a new government and replace the Qing Dynasty Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create a new government and replace the Qing Dynasty

42. Sun Yat-sen’s Three Goals To end foreign domination To end foreign domination To form a representative government To form a representative government To create economic security To create economic security In 1911, workers, peasants and warlords toppled the monarchy. Yat-sen was named president of the Chinese Republic. In 1911, workers, peasants and warlords toppled the monarchy. Yat-sen was named president of the Chinese Republic.

43. Japan Modernizes How did discontent in Japanese society and the opening of Japan lead to the Meiji Restoration? What were the main reforms under the Meiji? How did Japanese military strength promote imperialism? 5

44. Discontent in Tokugawa Japan After the Tokugawa shoguns gained power in 1600, the reimposed centralized feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners and forbade Japanese to travel overseas. 5 The Japanese had limited trade with the Dutch in the port of Nagasaki. By the 1800’s: Shoguns were no longer strong leaders Daimyo suffered financial hardship Samurai were no longer fighters Merchants had no political power Peasants suffered under heavy taxes

45. Opening Up Japan July 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry persuades the Japanese give the U.S. trading rights: Extraterritoriality “Most Favored Nation” 5 Japanese resented unequal treaties, found them humiliating 1867: Discontented daimyo and samurai “restored” the 15-year-old emperor to power and moved the capital to Tokyo.

46. Meiji Restoration 5 Period lasting from 1868 to 1912. Meiji means “enlightened rule.” Goal: “A rich country, a strong military” New leaders set out to study western ways, adapt them to Japanese needs and beat westerners at their own game.

47. Reforms under the Meiji 5 Strong Central Government based on German system: Constitution said all citizens equal before law Gave emperor autocratic power Limited voting rights Ended special privileges of samurai and subjected all men to military service Economic Reforms: Industrialized using technologies of the west Social Change: Ended legal distinctions between classes Opened educational opportunities Women still had secondary roles Overall, the Meiji Restoration reforms were very successful. Japan modernized and became a world power.

48. Growing Military Strength 5 As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to industrial growth. Spurred by nationalism and imperialism, Japan built an empire. 1894:Sino-Japanese War Though outnumbered, Japan defeated China with their modern technology. Japanese Rule Korea 1910: Japan annexes Korea Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese Imposed harsh rule on Koreans Korean rebels created nationalist groups 1904: Russo- Japanese War Japan’s armies defeated Russia in Manchuria. Japanese navy almost destroyed a Russian fleet 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea

49. Naval Power in the late 1800’s 5 Jul. 24, 1894 — A party of 50 Sailors and Marines under Captain George Fielding Elliott, USMC, was sent from the cruiser USS Baltimore (C 3) to guard the American legation at Seoul, Korea, during the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had just landed troops in Korea.

50. Japanese Power in the late 1800’s 5 Sino-Japanese War Battle of Pung-do, Sinking of the Kowshing July 25, 1894 “Japanese Warships Fire on the Enemy near Haiyang Island” by Mizuno Toshikata, September 1894

51. Japanese Power in the late 1800’s 5 Sino-Japanese War Chinese Surrender “After the Fall of Weihaiwei, the Commander of the Chinese Beiyang Fleet, Admiral Ding Juchang, Surrenders” by Mizuno Toshikata, November 1895 (above, with details). [2000.123] Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

52. Southeast Asia and the Pacific What impact did European colonization have on Southeast Asia? What impact did European colonization have on Southeast Asia? How did imperialism spread to the Philippines and other Pacific islands? How did imperialism spread to the Philippines and other Pacific islands? 2

53. Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 1900 2

54. Colonization of Southeast Asia By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia. They: introduced modern technology introduced modern technology expanded commerce and industry expanded commerce and industry set up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubber set up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubber brought in new crops of corn and cassava brought in new crops of corn and cassava built harbors and railroads built harbors and railroads These changes benefited Europeans far more than the people of Southeast Asia. In their relentless race for raw materials, new markets, and Christian converts, western industrial powers gobbled up Southeast Asia. 2

55. Imperial Powers in the Pacific In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in the islands of the Pacific. In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from Samoa. Later, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa. From the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaii. In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii. At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Philippines was placed under American control. The United States promised Filipinos self-rule some time in the future.

56. Economic Imperialism in Latin America What political and economic problems faced new Latin American nations? What political and economic problems faced new Latin American nations? How did Mexico struggle for stability? How did Mexico struggle for stability? How did the United States influence Latin America? How did the United States influence Latin America? 4

57. Political Problems Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely changed the existing social and political hierarchy. Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely changed the existing social and political hierarchy. With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area. With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area. During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships. 4

58. The Economics of Dependence Economic dependence occurs when: less-developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. less-developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. The relationship is unequal because the more developed — and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of trade. The relationship is unequal because the more developed — and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of trade. Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal. After independence, this pattern changed very little. The region remained as economically dependent as before. 4

59. The Influence of the United States In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine: –stated that the American continents were no longer open to colonization by any European powers. In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: –Under this policy, the United States claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere. In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives and investments. In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to build the Panama Canal. 4

60. Imperialism in the Caribbean and South America, 1898–1917 4

61. Impact of Imperialism How did imperialism lead to new economic patterns? How did imperialism lead to new economic patterns? What was the cultural impact of imperialism? What was the cultural impact of imperialism? How did political tensions develop as the result of imperialism? How did political tensions develop as the result of imperialism? 5

62. New Economic Patterns A truly global economy emerged, dominated by the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. A truly global economy emerged, dominated by the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. Colonial rulers introduced a money economy that replaced the old barter system. Colonial rulers introduced a money economy that replaced the old barter system. Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted traditional economies. Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted traditional economies. Local economies that had once been self-sufficient became dependent on the industrial powers. Local economies that had once been self-sufficient became dependent on the industrial powers. 5

63. Cultural Impact As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject people to accept “modern” ways. By this, they meant western ideas, government, technology, and culture. As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject people to accept “modern” ways. By this, they meant western ideas, government, technology, and culture. Many non-westerners, especially in conquered lands, came to accept a belief in western superiority. Many non-westerners, especially in conquered lands, came to accept a belief in western superiority. The overwhelming successes of the western imperialist nations sapped people’s confidence in their own leaders and cultures. The overwhelming successes of the western imperialist nations sapped people’s confidence in their own leaders and cultures. Western culture spread around the world. Western culture spread around the world. 5

64. New Political Tensions By the early 1900s, western-educated elites in Africa and Asia were organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule. By the early 1900s, western-educated elites in Africa and Asia were organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule. The competition for imperial power was fueling tensions among western nations. The competition for imperial power was fueling tensions among western nations. 5

65. Undoing Border Imperialism Harsha Walia (Author); Andrea Smith (Introduction) $16.00 Released: Oct 14, 2013 Published by AK Press Details "Harsha Walia has played a central role in building some of North America’s most innovative, diverse, and effective new move­ments. That this brilliant organizer and theorist has found time to share her wisdom in this book is a tremendous gift to us all." —Naomi Klein, author of The Shock Doctrine Undoing Border Imperialism combines academic discourse, lived experiences of displacement, and movement-based practices into an exciting new book. By reformulating immigrant rights movements within a transnational analysis of capitalism, labor exploitation, settler colonialism, state building, and racialized empire, it provides the alternative conceptual frameworks of border imperialism and decolonization. Drawing on the author’s experiences in No One Is Illegal, this work offers relevant insights for all social movement organizers on effective strategies to overcome the barriers and borders within movements in order to cultivate fierce, loving, and sustainable communities of resistance striving toward liberation. The author grounds the book in collective vision, with short contributions from over twenty organizers and writers from across North America. "Border imperialism is an apt conceptualization for capturing the politics of massive displacement due to capitalist neoglobalization. Within the wealthy countries, Canada’s No One Is Illegal is one of the most effective organizations of migrants and allies. Walia is an outstanding organizer who has done a lot of thinking and can write—not a common combination. Besides being brilliantly conceived and presented, this book is the first extended work on immigration that refuses to make First Nations sovereignty invisible." —Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, author of Indians of the Americas and Blood on the Border "Harsha Walia’s Undoing Border Imperialism demonstrates that geography has certainly not ended, nor has the urge for people to stretch out our arms across borders to create our communities. One of the most rewarding things about this book is its capaciousness—astute insights that emerge out of careful organizing linked to the voices of a generation of strugglers, trying to find their own analysis to build their own movements to make this world our own. This is both a manual and a memoir, a guide to the world and a guide to the organizer’s heart." —Vijay Prashad, author of The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World "This book belongs in every wannabe revolutionary’s war backpack. I addictively jumped all over its contents: a radical mixtape of ancestral wisdoms to present- day-grounded organizers theoriz­ing about their own experiences. A must for me is Walia’s decision to infuse this volume’s fight against border imperialism, white supremacy, and empire with the vulnerability of her own personal narrative. This book is a breath of fresh air and offers an urgently needed movement-based praxis. Undoing Border Imperialism is too hot to be sitting on bookshelves; it will help make the revolution." —Ashanti Alston, Black Panther elder and former political prisoner Harsha Walia is a South Asian activist, writer, and popular educator rooted in migrant justice, Indigenous solidarity, Palestinian liberation, antiracist, feminist, anti-imperialist, and anticapitalist movements and communities for over a decade. Other Contributors: Yogi Acharya, Carmen Aguirre, Tara Atluri, Annie Banks, Mel Bazil, Nazila Bettache, Adil Charkaoui, Yen Chu, Karen Cocq, Jessica Danforth, Ruby Smith Diaz, Nassim Elbardouh, Craig Fortier, Harjap Grewal, Mostafa Henaway, Freda Huson, Syed Khalid Hussan, Jane Kirby, Aylwin Lo, Karla Lottini, Alex Mah, Robyn Maynard, Graciela Flores Mendez, Cecily Nicholson, Leah Lakshmi Piepzna- Samarasinha, Toghestiy, Sozan Savehilaghi, Mac Scott, Lily Shinde, and Rafeef Ziadah.

66. The End