1. Key Concepts Group 1 Set 1 Friday, August 26, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. State Purpose of Government Government Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.In your opinion, why do we need or not need government? 2.Do you think government move too slow in solving societies’ problems, if so, why? If not, why? 1

2. Key Concepts 1 - 3 1.Purpose of Government – The general purpose of any government are to resolve conflict, provide public services, provide for the national security and common defense, set goals for public policy, and preserve the culture(s) of society 2.State – identifies a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority. 3.Government – the institution in which the state maintains social order, provides, public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living within the state 2

3. Key Concepts Group 1 Set 2 Monday, August 29, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Nation Sovereignty Preamble to the Constitution Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Who was Aristotle? 2.There are four “theories of the Origin of the State,” what are they & write one statement about each. 3

4. Key Concepts 4 - 6 4.Nation – any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion 5.Sovereignty – the state has supreme and absolute authority within its territorial boundaries 6.Preamble to the Constitution – the introduction to the U.S. Constitution that explains its purpose and sets forth six goals of the Constitution and the government it is creating. 4

5. Key Concepts Group 1 Set 3 Tuesday, August 30, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Domestic Tranquility Common Defense General Welfare Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Name three types of governments and describe their characteristics. 2.Why is it critical that in a democracy “widespread education” is an essential quality? 5

6. Key Concepts 7 - 9 7.Domestic tranquility – internal peace; lack of disturbances within a country 8.Common defense – a nation’s security and defense against attacks from other nations or groups 9.General welfare – the good of the community or nation as a whole; also referred to as the common good 6

7. Key Concepts Group 1 Set 3 Tuesday, August 31, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Justice Liberty Evolutionary Theory Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Explain the idea of “Majority Rule with Minority Rights”? 2.Turn to pg. 21 – Read the section “Endo v. U.S., what was this Supreme Court Case about? 7

8. Key Concepts 10 - 12 10.Justice – fair distribution of benefits and burdens, fair corrections of wrongs and injuries, or use of fair procedures in gathering information and making decisions 11.Liberty – individual rights protected by the Constitution against powers of the government; also referred to as civil liberties 12.Evolutionary Theory – the government of a state evolved from the family 8

9. Key Concepts Group 1 Set 5 Thursday, September 1, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Force Theory Divine Rights Theory Social Contract Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What does the term “Separation of Powers "mean? 2.What was the Mayflower Compact? (Pg. 39) 9

10. Key Concepts 13 - 15 13.Force Theory – the government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group 14.Divine Right Theory – the notion that a god or gods have chosen certain people the right to rule 15.Social Contract Theory – the notion that government exists only because the people have given up some of their freedoms for the government to maintain social order 10

11. Group 1 – Key Concept Terms State Purpose of Government Government Nation Sovereignty Preamble to the Constitution Domestic Tranquility Common Defense Justice Liberty Evolutionary Theory Force Theory Divine Rights Theory Social Contract General Welfare 11

12. Key Concepts Group 2 Set 1 Friday, September 2, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Unitary System Federal System Confederacy System Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Who’s idea was it to have freedom of Religion 2.Who came up with the Social Contract Theory? 12

13. Key Concepts 16 - 18 16.Unitary system – a government that gives all key powers to the national or central government 17.Federal system – a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments 18.Confederacy system – a loose union of independent states, where the independent states hold all of the key power of government and the union only handles issues that are common to all the states 13

14. Key Concepts Group 2 Set 2 Tuesday, September 06, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Presidential System Parliamentary System Limited Government Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.In your opinion, how likely is it that President Obama will be re-elected as President? 2.What do you see as the greatest problem facing America today? 14

15. Key Concepts 19 - 21 19.Presidential system – a form of representative democracy where the lawmaking and law- implementing branches of government are separate 20.Parliamentary system – a form of representative democracy where the lawmaking and law-implementing branches overlap 21.Limited government – a government principle that government should perform only the functions that the people have given it the power to perform 15

16. Key Concepts Group 2 Set 3 Wednesday, September 07, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Unlimited Government Democracy Dictatorship Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Why did a law-making body called? 2.What was the Glorious Revolution? 16

17. Key Concepts 22 - 24 22.Unlimited government – a government in which the ruler(s) has complete and absolute power 23.Democracy – a form of government in which the people of a nation rule either directly or through elected representatives 24.Dictatorship – a form of government in which absolute power is exercised by a single person who has usually obtained and/or maintained his/her power by the use of force 17

18. Key Concepts Group 2 Set 4 Thursday, September 08, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Authoritarian Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Why did a law-making body called? 2.What was the Glorious Revolution? 18

19. Key Concepts 25 - 27 28.Authoritarian – a government which is centered in one person or in a small group that is not accountable to the people of the nation or a constitution. 29.Monarchy – a system of authoritarian government headed by a monarch – a king, queen, shah, or sultan – whose position is usually inherited 30.Constitutional monarchy – a system of government in which the monarch shares the governmental powers with elected lawmakers 19

20. Key Concepts Group 2 Set 5 Monday, September 12, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Direct Democracy Indirect Democracy Republic Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What is mercantilism? 2.What does the saying, “No taxation without representation mean”? 20

21. Key Concepts 28 - 30 25.Direct democracy – a system of government in which political decisions are made by the people themselves rather than by elected representatives 26.Indirect democracy – a system of democracy in which the people elect representatives who work within government on behalf of the people; also known as a representative democracy or republic 27.Republic – a form of government in which the people elect representatives and head of state to carry on the work of government for them 21

22. Key Concepts Group 3 Set 1 Tuesday, September 13, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Absolute Monarch Oligarchy Autocracy Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What is independence? 2.Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? 22

23. Group 2 – Key Concept Terms 1.Unitary System 2.Federal System 3.Confederacy System 4.Presidential System 5.Parliamentary System 6.Limited Government 7.Direct Democracy 8.Indirect Democracy 9.Unlimited Government 10.Democracy 11.Dictatorship 12.Authoritarian 13.Monarchy 14.Constitutional Monarchy 15.Republic 23

24. Reflection #2 Case Study Topics Due – Friday, September 23, 2011 1.Schenck v. United States “Wartime Freedom of Speech” 2.Marbury v. Madison “The Supreme Court’s Power of Judicial Review” 3.McCollum v. Board of Education “Release Time Religious Education in Public Schools” 4.Gideon v. Wainwright “A poor Defendant’s Right to a Lawyer” 24

25. Key Concepts 31 - 33 31.Absolute monarchy – a system of government in which the monarch has unlimited powers and is likely above the law 32.Autocracy – a system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of an single individual 33.Oligarchy – a form of government in which a few person hold the ruling power 25

26. Key Concepts Group 3 Set 2 Wednesday, September 14, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Theocracy Capitalism Totalitarian Dictatorship Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What was the first colony to organize as a state? 2.Who created the Massachusetts constitution? 26

27. Key Concepts 34 - 36 34.Theocracy – a system of government where the ruling class or priestly class claim to have divine authority 35.Totalitarian dictatorship – a form of government in which the ideas of a single leader are glorified and the government seeks to control all aspects of society, subordinating individual freedom to state interest 36.Capitalism – referred to as the free enterprise, characterized by private ownership of property and resources, competition among businesses, freedom of choice, and possibility of profit 27

28. Key Concepts Group 3 Set 3 Thursday, September 15, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Socialism Democratic Socialism Mixed-Market Economy Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What were 3 problems with the Articles of Confederation? 2.What treaty ended the Revolutionary War in 1783? 28

29. Key Concepts 37 - 39 37.Mixed-Market Economies – an economy in which free enterprise is combined with and supported by government decisions 38.Socialism – an economy in which the government owns the basic means of production, determines the use of resources, distributes products and wages, and provides social services 39.Democratic Socialism – people have basic human rights and have some control over government officials through free elections, but the government owns the means of production 29

30. Key Concepts Group 3 Set 4 Friday, September 16, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Communism Command Economy Magna Carta Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.No Questions Today – Write “No Questions on back of page and today’s date. 30

31. Key Concepts 40 - 42 40.Communism – an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions 41.Command Economy – an economic system in which the government controls the factors of production 42.Magna Carta – The British Great Charter of freedom signed in 1215 by King John guaranteeing certain rights. Guaranteed certain rights, such as, trial by jury, due process of law, no loss of life, liberty, or property except with accordance with the law. Limited governing powers of the English monarchy 31

32. Key Concepts Group 3 Set 5 Monday, September 19, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Petition of Rights English Bill of Rights Mayflower Compact Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What was the only state that did not send delegates to fix the Articles of Confederation? 2.Why was not Thomas Jefferson and John Adams able to attend the constitutional convention? 32

33. Key Concepts 43 - 45 43.Petition of Rights – limited the monarch’s power by not allowing the collection of taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison people without just cause, house troops in private homes, declare marshal law unless at war. 44.English Bill of Rights – Signed by William and Mary of Orange in 1689. This document guaranteed British subjects the right to petition the king, bare arms, and prohibited excessive bails and fines along with cruel and unusual punishment 45.Mayflower Compact – an agreement signed in 1620 by all males aboard the ship Mayflower, before landing in Plymouth, to form a political body governed by majority rule 33

34. Group 3 – Key Concept Terms 9.Theocracy 10.Capitalism 11.Mixed-Market Economy 12. Totalitarian Dictatorship 13.Absolute Monarch 14.Oligarchy 15.Autocracy 34 1.Petition of Rights 2.English Bill of Rights 3.Mayflower Compact 4.Communism 5.Command Economy 6.Magna Carta 7.Socialism 8.Democratic Socialism

35. Key Concepts Group 4 Set 1 Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Declaration of Independence Thomas Hobbs John Locke Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Who designed the Virginia Plan? 2.Which of the three plans we discussed yesterday catered to large states and large populations? 35

36. Key Concepts 46 - 48 46.Declaration of Independence – The document drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that announced the final, momentous step in the colonies’ resistance to the British government and renounced the British government’s sovereignty over the colonies 47.Thomas Hobbes – An English philosopher that first theorized the social contract theory 48.John Locke – an English philosopher that expanded the social contract theory and established natural rights (life, liberty, and property) 36

37. Key Concepts Group 4 Set 2 Wednesday, September 21, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau Voltaire Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What is the name of the group of people named by each state to select the President & Vice-President? 2.What addition did most Anti-Federalist want added to the Constitution in order to vote for ratification? 37

38. Key Concepts 49 - 51 49.Baron de Montesquieu – A French philosopher that wrote about the system of government that divides and balances power 50.Jean Jacques Rousseau – used the Social Contract theory and states that without law or morality society degenerates into a brutish condition, people must have government to survive 51.Voltaire – A French philosopher who wrote about separation of church and state 38

39. Key Concepts Group 4 Set 3 Friday, September 23, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Articles of Confederation New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan 39

40. Key Concepts 52 - 54 52.Articles of Confederation – The compact made among the thirteen original American states to form the basis of their government; it was adopted by Congress in 1781 and replaced by the United States Constitution in 1788 53.Virginia Plan – proposed a bicameral legislature. The lower house would be elected by the people, the number of member from each state would depend on the population 54.New Jersey Plan – this proposed a unicameral legislature that each state would have equal representation regardless of population in each state 40

41. Key Concepts Group 4 Set 4 Monday, September 26, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Three-Fifths Compromise Commerce Compromise Connecticut Plan Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Which part of the Constitution explains how the government works? 2.What three things are contained in Article I of the Constitution? 41

42. Key Concepts 55 - 57 55.Connecticut Plan – also known as the Great Compromise was adopted by the Constitutional Convention of 1787, this plan provided for equal representation of the state in the Senate, and proportional representation in the House of Representatives 56.Commerce Compromise – allowed Congress to regulate interstate commerce as well as commerce with other nations, and denied Congress the power to levy export taxes. It was a result of Southern states’ concern that Congress would tax exports 57.Three-fifths Compromise – A result of the debate over how slaves would be counted in determining the number of representative in the House of Representatives. It determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for the purpose of representation and in the collection of taxes. Eventually overturned by the 14th Amendment 42

43. Key Concepts Group 4 Set 5 Tuesday, September 27, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Presidential Compromise Federalist Papers U. S. Constitution Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What are the 1 st ten amendments to the constitution called? 2.What is an income tax? 43

44. Key Concepts 58 - 60 58.Presidential Compromise – the writers of the Constitution did not trust the average person’s judgment in electing a president. They felt the president should be chosen by the country’s elite 59.Federalist Papers – a series of essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay urging the adoption of the U.S. Constitution and supporting the need for a strong national government 60.U.S. Constitution – a document adopted by the 13 original states in 1788 that set up the United States government that is still in existence today. It contains the Bill of Rights and other amendments that guarantee the rights of all persons in the U.S. 44

45. Key Concepts Group 5 Set 1 Wednesday, September 28, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Checks & Balances Separation of Powers Federalism Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What are 3 of the 5 principles of the Constitution? 2.What French philosopher believed in separation of powers? 45

46. Key Concepts 61 - 63 61.Checks and Balances – a major principle of American government in which each of the three branches of the federal government is given the means to check the actions of the other two branches 62.Separation of Powers – dividing of government into three separate branches with different duties and powers and the ability to act as a check on each other’s powers 63.Federalism – a system in which the powers to govern are shared between the national government and state governments with the national government having supremacy over state governments 46

47. Key Concepts Group 5 Set 2 Thursday, September 29, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Judicial Review Amendment Supremacy Clause Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What principle establishes that power is shared between the federal and state governments? 2.What are 3 of the 5 examples of concurrent powers held by both the federal and state governments? 47

48. Key Concepts 64 - 66 64.Judicial review – the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the government, first established in Marbury v. Madison 65.Supremacy Clause – found in Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution. It establishes the federal government superior over all state and local governments. It also makes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, making it superior over all levels of government 66.Amendment – written changes or additions to a law or body of laws, such as the US Constitution 48

49. Reflection Topics – Due Friday, October 07, 2011 1.Is capitalism really the best economic system for the United States considering that 80% of all the money in our country is owned by 20% of the citizenry? 2.What is so great about the "Great Compromise" and how has it benefited all states (large and small)? 3.The original plan of government was for all citizens to have an opportunity to serve the community at some point in their life, but in recent history (over the last 60 years) many have become career politicians serving more than 10 years in office, and/or switching offices. Do you believe that career politicians have lost focus of their true obligation of serving the needs of their constituents, why or why not? 4.Do you believe in the principles of the Constitution? Which one principle do you believe has had the greatest impact on our everyday life, explain. 49

50. Key Concepts Group 5 Set 3 Friday, September 30, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. Consent of the Governed Individual Liberties Federal Union Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Who did the framers of the constitution intend to be the most powerful branch of the government? 2.How long are the terms of Congress and how many sessions does each term of Congress have? 50

51. Key Concepts 67 - 69 67.Federal union – a system of government in which authority is shared between the national and state or other regional governments by a written constitution, all levels of government have the power to govern 68.Individual liberties – the are also known as civil liberties and are defined as constitution protections against certain government actions 69.Consent of governed – a concept of government by which those governed voluntarily agree to be governed by their representatives 51

52. Key Concepts Group 5 Set 4 Monday, October 3, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 70.Popular sovereignty – principle in which the people are the ultimate source of any power given to the government 71.Limited government – in the natural rights philosophy, a system restricted to protecting natural rights and that does not interfere with other aspects of life 72.States’ rights – the doctrine that seeks to limit the power of the federal government by interpreting the US Constitution in a way that stresses the retained rights of the states and insists that the federal government was granted only limited powers Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What are the smaller committees that deal with specialized issues? 2.Who are the most powerful members of Congress? 52

53. Group 4 Key Concepts Terms 1.Declaration of Independence 2.Thomas Hobbs 3.John Locke 4.Baron de Montesquieu 5.Jean Jacques Rousseau 6.Voltaire 7.Articles of Confederation 8.New Jersey Plan 9.Virginia Plan 10.Three-Fifths Compromise 11.Commerce Compromise 12.Connecticut Plan 13.Presidential Compromise 14.Federalist Papers 15.U. S. Constitution 53

54. Key Concepts 70 - 72 70.Popular sovereignty – principle in which the people are the ultimate source of any power given to the government 71.Limited government – in the natural rights philosophy, a system restricted to protecting natural rights and that does not interfere with other aspects of life 72.States’ rights – the doctrine that seeks to limit the power of the federal government by interpreting the US Constitution in a way that stresses the retained rights of the states and insists that the federal government was granted only limited powers 54

55. Key Concepts Group 5 Set 5 Tuesday, October 4, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 73.Gettysburg Address – a speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19 1863, at the dedication of a national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of a decisive Civil War battle 74.Supreme law of the land – The supremacy clause of Article IV of the Constitution gives the Constitution governing power over all levels of government in the US, making it the “supreme law of the land” 75.Delegated powers – These powers are also called expressed or enumerated powers. They are directly granted to the federal government by the Constitution in Article I, Section 8 Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What clause allows Congress to stretch its powers to meet its new needs? 2.What are the (2) steps that Congress uses to spend money? 55

56. Key Concepts 73 - 75 73.Gettysburg Address – a speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19 1863, at the dedication of a national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of a decisive Civil War battle 74.Supreme law of the land – The supremacy clause of Article IV of the Constitution gives the Constitution governing power over all levels of government in the US, making it the “supreme law of the land” 75.Delegated powers – These powers are also called expressed or enumerated powers. They are directly granted to the federal government by the Constitution in Article I, Section 8 56

57. Key Concepts Group 6 Set 1 Wednesday, October 5, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 76.Concurrent powers – These are powers that are held by both the federal and state governments 77.Reserved powers – These are powers that are neither granted to the federal government nor expressly forbidden to the states and are therefore retained by the state or by the people 78.Implied powers – These are the powers not specifically granted to the federal government but are inferred to carry out its responsibilities Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What are (3) of Congress’ non-legislative powers? 2.What is the process in impeaching a federal official? 57

58. Key Concepts 76 - 78 76.Concurrent powers – These are powers that are held by both the federal and state governments 77.Reserved powers – These are powers that are neither granted to the federal government nor expressly forbidden to the states and are therefore retained by the state or by the people 78.Implied powers – These are the powers not specifically granted to the federal government but are inferred to carry out its responsibilities 58

59. Key Concepts Group 6 Set 2 Thursday, October 6, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 79.Necessary and Proper Clause – gives Congress the power to make all laws to carry out its responsibilities 80.Elastic Clause – gives Congress powers that can be reasonably inferred from the brief wording of its expressed powers 81.Denied powers – these are the powers expressly denied to the federal government in Article 1, Section 9 and in the First through Eighth Amendments. Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Who can veto laws? 2.How can Congress overturn a Presidential Veto Notebook Check - Next Friday, October 14, 2011 59

60. Key Concepts 79 - 81 79.Necessary and Proper Clause – gives Congress the power to make all laws to carry out its responsibilities 80.Elastic Clause – gives Congress powers that can be reasonably inferred from the brief wording of its expressed powers 81.Denied powers – these are the powers expressly denied to the federal government in Article 1, Section 9 and in the First through Eighth Amendments. 60

61. Key Concepts Group 6 Set 3 Friday, October 7, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 82.Item veto – It is also known as line-item veto, and is a power used by the executive branch at some state levels, but not at the federal level, to veto one or more provision of a bill while allowing the remainder of the bill to become law 83.Customs and traditions – over time a certain number of unwritten practices have taken on strength of written law (the President’s cabinet even though the Constitution doesn’t mention one). These also sometimes evolve into written law (No president ran for a third term until FDR broke tradition) As a result the 22nd Amendment was added limiting the president’s tenure to two terms 84.Impeachment – Formal charges brought against a public official for misconduct or wrongdoing in office. The US House of Representatives, by majority, vote brings charges or impeaches. Then the US Senate by a 2/3 vote of Senators present, convict. Impeachment removes a public official from office Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.How old must Senators be to hold office? 2.How long must a representative be a citizen of the U.S.? Notebook Check - Next Friday, October 14, 2011 61

62. Key Concepts 82 - 84 82.Item veto – It is also known as line-item veto, and is a power used by the executive branch at some state levels, but not at the federal level, to veto one or more provision of a bill while allowing the remainder of the bill to become law 83.Customs and traditions – over time a certain number of unwritten practices have taken on strength of written law (the President’s cabinet even though the Constitution doesn’t mention one). These also sometimes evolve into written law (No president ran for a third term until FDR broke tradition) As a result the 22nd Amendment was added limiting the president’s tenure to two terms 84.Impeachment – Formal charges brought against a public official for misconduct or wrongdoing in office. The US House of Representatives, by majority, vote brings charges or impeaches. Then the US Senate by a 2/3 vote of Senators present, convict. Impeachment removes a public official from office 62

63. Key Concepts Group 6 Set 4 Monday, October 10, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 85.Legislative branch – the branch of government that has the primary responsibility for making laws. Article I of the Constitution establishes this branch of the federal government, outlines its functions and powers, and describes how laws should be made 86.Bicameral – a legislative branch that is made up of two chambers or houses. Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate 87.Unicameral – a legislative body that has only once legislative body or house. Nebraska is the only state to have a one body legislature Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.How can learning civics improve your life? Notebook Check - Next Friday, October 14, 2011 63

64. Key Concepts 85 - 87 85.Legislative branch – the branch of government that has the primary responsibility for making laws. Article I of the Constitution establishes this branch of the federal government, outlines its functions and powers, and describes how laws should be made 86.Bicameral – a legislative branch that is made up of two chambers or houses. Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate 87.Unicameral – a legislative body that has only once legislative body or house. Nebraska is the only state to have a one body legislature 64

65. Key Concepts Group 6 Set 5 Tuesday, October 11, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 88.Executive branch – The branch of the federal government whose primary responsibility for carry in out the laws passed by the legislative branch. It is headed by the President, Vice-President, cabinet, executive departments, offices, corporations, and agencies. Article II establishes this branch and outlines it powers and functions 89.Judicial branch – Article III of the Constitution establishes this branch of the federal government. It states that there shall be one Supreme Court and give Congress the power to create lower courts 90.President – the elected head of the executive branch of the federal government. Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Who delivers messages and runs errands for congressman? (see section 3 notes) 2.When does each congressional session begin? 65

66. Key Concepts 88 - 90 88.Executive branch – The branch of the federal government whose primary responsibility for carry in out the laws passed by the legislative branch. It is headed by the President, Vice-President, cabinet, executive departments, offices, corporations, and agencies. Article II establishes this branch and outlines it powers and functions 89.Judicial branch – Article III of the Constitution establishes this branch of the federal government. It states that there shall be one Supreme Court and give Congress the power to create lower courts 90.President – the elected head of the executive branch of the federal government. 66

67. Bell Buster Wednesday, October 12, 2011 Complete the “Find Out” Questions on pg. 200 top of the page 67

68. Key Concepts Group 7 Set 1 Monday, October 17, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 91.Presidential Responsibilities - The chief executive is responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws and acts of Congress, decision of the federal courts, and treaties signed by the US. 92.Presidential Powers – the ability to appoint top ranking officials, grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesty; the commander in chief of the armed forces; negotiate treaties, promote legislation, prepare a budget, and veto legislation, call special sessions. The head of his/her political party. 93.Vice President – an elected member of the executive branch of the federal government whose responsibility is to take over the presidency if the president becomes unable to perform his/her duties or dies. The vice president is also to the president of the Senate, casting only a tie-breaking vote, when needed Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.If you were the President of the United States, what would be on major change you would endorse, and explain why? 68

69. Group 5 Key Concepts Terms 1.Gettysburg Address 2.Supreme Law of the Land 3.Delegated Powers 4.State’s Rights 5.Limited Government 6.Popular Sovereignty 7.Consent of the Governed 8.Individual Liberties 9.Federal Unions 10.Checks & Balances 11.Separation of Powers 12.Federalism 13.Judicial Review 14.Amendment 15.Supremacy Clause 69

70. Key Concepts 91 - 93 91.Presidential Responsibilities - The chief executive is responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws and acts of Congress, decision of the federal courts, and treaties signed by the US. 92.Presidential Powers – the ability to appoint top ranking officials, grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesty; the commander in chief of the armed forces; negotiate treaties, promote legislation, prepare a budget, and veto legislation, call special sessions. The head of his/her political party. 93.Vice President – an elected member of the executive branch of the federal government whose responsibility is to take over the presidency if the president becomes unable to perform his/her duties or dies. The vice president is also to the president of the Senate, casting only a tie-breaking vote, when needed 70

71. Key Concepts Group 7 Set 2 Tuesday, October 18, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 94.Cabinet – an advisory group selected by the president to assist with decision making. A cabinet is traditionally composed of the heads of the executive departments and other officers, all appointed by the president 95.Congress – the elected legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral and consists of the House of Representatives (number of Reps is based on population from each state) and the Senate, whose members are elected from each state (two per state). The main responsibility is to make laws 96.Supreme Court – the highest level of the judicial branch of the federal government, the main function is to determine the constitutionality of laws and presidential actions. It also serves as an appellate court 71

72. Key Concepts 94 - 96 94.Cabinet – an advisory group selected by the president to assist with decision making. A cabinet is traditionally composed of the heads of the executive departments and other officers, all appointed by the president 95.Congress – the elected legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral and consists of the House of Representatives (number of Reps is based on population from each state) and the Senate, whose members are elected from each state (two per state). The main responsibility is to make laws 96.Supreme Court – the highest level of the judicial branch of the federal government, the main function is to determine the constitutionality of laws and presidential actions. It also serves as an appellate court 72

73. Key Concepts Group 7 Set 3 Tuesday, October 25, 2011 Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary. 97.US District Courts – these are the lower level of the judicial branch of the federal government, they serve as the trial courts 98.US Appeals Courts – these are the middle level of the judicial branch. These courts are known as circuit courts of appeals, they are the reviewing courts because they review the records of lower court proceedings 99.Regulatory Agencies – an agency that is charged with creating and implementing rule to regulate private activity and protect the public interest in certain areas (Federal Communications Commission (FCC)) Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.What qualifications for President do you think are most necessary for carrying out the duties of the office? 2.What happens to the office of the President if he/she is unable to perform the duties to fulfill the position? 73

74. Key Concepts 97 - 99 97.US District Courts – these are the lower level of the judicial branch of the federal government, they serve as the trial courts 98.US Appeals Courts – these are the middle level of the judicial branch. These courts are known as circuit courts of appeals, they are the reviewing courts because they review the records of lower court proceedings 99.Regulatory Agencies – an agency that is charged with creating and implementing rule to regulate private activity and protect the public interest in certain areas (Federal Communications Commission (FCC)) 74

75. Key Concepts Group 7 Set 4 Wednesday, October 26, 2011 Copy the following Key Concepts Terms 100.Independent Agencies – a bureaucratic organization that reports directly to the president and focuses on a single area (National Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA)) 101.20th Amendment – ratified in 1933, it reset the date for convening a term of Congress to January 3 of odd years, each Congress is numbered and last for a period of two years. It also changes the presidential inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 in the year following the election 102.22nd Amendment – ratified in 1951, it set the limit to two terms or 10 years for the president Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Based on your understanding of politics, what role does it (politics) play in the appointment of presidential cabinet secretaries? 2.How much input do you believe presidential cabinet members should have with the president, explain your response. 75

76. Key Concepts 100 - 102 100.Independent Agencies – a bureaucratic organization that reports directly to the president and focuses on a single area (National Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA)) 101.20th Amendment – ratified in 1933, it reset the date for convening a term of Congress to January 3 of odd years, each Congress is numbered and last for a period of two years. It also changes the presidential inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 in the year following the election 102.22nd Amendment – ratified in 1951, it set the limit to two terms or 10 years for the president 76

77. Key Concepts Group 7 Set 5 Thursday, October 27, 2011 Copy the following Key Concepts Terms 103.25th Amendment – ratified in 1967, it set up presidential succession, it establishes that the vice president become president if the office is vacant, and as the new president appoints with Congressional approval, the new vice president 104.Judicial review – the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. It was first established in Marbury v Madison 105.US Census – established by the Constitution which instructs Congress to take a census every ten years Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms) 1.Do you believe the office of President is a necessary office? Explain why or why not? 2.As the president of the United States, what is one change you would like to see made in the arena of Education or politics? 77

78. Key Concepts 103 - 105 103.25th Amendment – ratified in 1967, it set up presidential succession, it establishes that the vice president become president if the office is vacant, and as the new president appoints with Congressional approval, the new vice president 104.Judicial review – the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. It was first established in Marbury v Madison 105.US Census – established by the Constitution which instructs Congress to take a census every ten years 78

79. Key Concepts Group 8 Set 1 Monday, October 31, 2011 Copy the following Key Concepts Terms 106.Reapportionment – the redrawing of legislative district lines for election of members to the US House of Representatives in accordance with population changes indicated by the census 107.Governor – the chief executive in state government 108.Gubernatorial Powers - the office usually includes the ability to appoint people to state departments and agencies, execution of state laws passed by the state legislature, calling special sessions, vetoing and recommending state legislation, also can pardon, reprieve and parole 79

80. Reflection Topics – Due 11/04/2011 1.The Three Branches of Government - Why do we have three branches and do you think it is working? 2.What's up with "Checks and Balances?" Who is really in Charge? 3.A Living Constitution! (Why is the constitution considered to be a living document?) 4.Compromises, Why is compromise a good? (Talk about all of the compromises - 3/5 Compromise and Connecticut Compromise. 80

81. Focus – Focus – Focus - Focus Sorry – Time is Up. Let’s Discuss 81

82. Key Concepts 106 - 108 106.Reapportionment – the redrawing of legislative district lines for election of members to the US House of Representatives in accordance with population changes indicated by the census 107.Governor – the chief executive in state government 108.Gubernatorial Powers - the office usually includes the ability to appoint people to state departments and agencies, execution of state laws passed by the state legislature, calling special sessions, vetoing and recommending state legislation, also can pardon, reprieve and parole 82

83. Key Concepts 109 - 111 109.Lieutenant governor – a state official who acts as governor should the governor be absent from the state, become disabled or die 110.Attorney General – a state official usually elected who is a member of the state’s executive branch and heads the Justice Department. He/she handles lawsuits involving the state and its officials and deals with local prosecutors 111.Legislature – the body of state government whose primary responsibility is to make state laws. All but one state has a bicameral one except Nebraska which has a unicameral one 83

84. Key Concepts 112 - 114 112.State court system – the judicial branch of state government that is usually organized around three levels of courts, state trial courts, state appellate courts and state supreme court 113.Mayor council – a plan for city government in which the mayor is elected chief executive and the council is the legislative branch 114.City Manager – an official appointed by an elected city council to administer city government 84

85. Key Concepts 115 - 117 115.Commission plan – a plan for municipal government that consists of a commission of three to nine members who have both legislative and executive powers 116.District attorney – an attorney who initiates and conducts legal action on behalf of the government especially in criminal proceedings 117.District court – on the bottom tier of the court system in both the US and State judicial systems, which are the trial courts 85

86. Key Concepts 118 – 120 118.Clerk of Court – the official who registers and records documents such as deeds, mortgages, birth and death certificates, and divorce decrees; also referred to as the county clerk 119.Sheriff – official who maintains the jail and serves as the police official in areas of the country/parish that are outside city limits 120.Police jury/Parish council – a governing board of local counties/parishes whose primary powers are generally legislative and executive, its members are usually elected from districts 86

87. Key Concepts 121 - 123 121.Parish council authority – powers include; passing of health and zoning ordinances, collecting taxes, appropriating funds, administering the courts, jails, hospitals, roadways, welfare programs and elections. 122.Assessor – an official that sets value on taxable property in the county/parish 123.Coroner – an official who investigates violent deaths and deaths not witnessed by a doctor 87

88. Key Concepts 124 - 126 124.Ward/precinct – the smallest voting district at the local level 125.Parish seat – a town or city in the parish where the parish government resides 126.Charter – a document issued by a government that grants rights to a person, group of persons, or a corporation to carry on a certain activity 88

89. Key Concepts 127 - 132 127.Proposition – a procedure by which voters can propose a change in state and local laws by means of gathering signatures on a petition and submitting it to the legislature for approval or gathering signatures on a petition to place it on the ballot for voter approval 128.Home rule – the power of local governments to do anything not prohibited by the Constitution, federal laws, the state constitution, or state laws 129.Statute – a written law passed a legislative branch of government 130.Ordinance – a written law that are passed by city councils or local governing bodies 131.Infrastructure – the system of roads, bridges, water & sewage 132.The Bill of Rights – the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, designed as a protection to individual freedoms. They were adopted two years after the Constitution went into effect 89

90. Key Concepts 133 - 138 133.First Amendment – this amendment provides for the freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly 134.Freedom of speech – the right of citizens to freely express their opinions without the fear of punishment from the government. 135.Slander – making false speech intended to damage a person’s reputation 136.Libel – the printing or publishing of false statements intended to damage a person’s reputation. 137.Freedom of Press – allows for the free circulation of ideas in newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, and movies. 138.Prior restraint – the government cannot censor information before it is published or broadcast 90

91. Key Concepts 139 - 144 139.Freedom of Religion – the government cannot establish a national religion, and it allows for individuals practice the religion of their choice 140.Establishment Clause - the government cannot establish a national religion. 141.Free Exercise Clause – the government cannot prohibit individuals from exercising their religious beliefs 142.Freedom of Assembly – the first for individuals and groups to hold peaceful demonstration to advertise their beliefs 143.Second Amendment – the right for citizens to own firearms, but Congress has the right to regulate the sale of weapons. 144.Third Amendment – prohibits the government from forcing people to provide shelter for soldiers in their homes unless certain conditions are clearly spelled out by law 91

92. Key Concepts 145 - 150 145.Fourth Amendment – written to protect early Americans’ right to privacy. It requires authorities to have a specific reason to search a premise or to seize evidence or people. 146.Probable Cause – the idea that a search must be based on reasonable basis to believe the person or premise is linked to a crime. 147.Search warrant – an order signed by a judge describing a specific place to be searched for specific items or naming individuals to be arrested for a specific crime 148.Bail – a sum of money an arrested person pays to a court to win release from jail while awaiting for trial 149.Fifth Amendment – this amendment contains four important protections. First, no person can be tried unless a grand jury decides there is enough evidence to justify a trial. Second, a person found innocent may not be retried again for the same offense. Third, no one can be forced to testify against themselves. Fourth, the government may not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process. 150.Due process – The government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals. 92

93. Key Concepts 151 - 156 151.Eminent domain – the power of the government to take private property for public use. The government must pay a fair price for the property and use it in a way that benefits the public 152.Sixth Amendment – protects the rights of individuals charged with a federal crime to defend themselves in a court trial, it also applies to state crimes. Gives individuals the right to a fair and speedy trial by an impartial jury, the right to know the charges against them, right to hear and question witnesses, and the right to be defended by attorney 153.Seventh Amendment – provides the right to a jury trial in federal courts to settle all disputes about property worth more than $20 154.Eighth Amendment – prohibits excessive bail that the accused deposits with the court to gain release from jail until the trial. The judge sets the bail in an amount that the accused will appear for trial. It is returned when the trial ends. 155.Ninth Amendment – states that all other rights not spelled out in the Constitution are “retained by the people” 156.Tenth Amendment – reaffirms the relationship between the national and state governments. It confirms the people and states have the rights that the national government my not assume 93

94. Key Concepts 157 - 162 157.Eleventh Amendment – prohibits a state from being sued in federal court by citizens of another state or of another nation 158.Twelfth amendment – required presidential electors to vote separately for president and vice president 159.Thirteenth Amendment – abolished slavery 160.Fourteenth Amendment – grants citizenship for all person born or naturalized in the United States; banned states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law; an banned states from denying any person equal protection under the laws 161.Fifteenth Amendment – extended voting rights to African American males by outlawing denial of the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude 162.Sixteenth Amendment – empowers Congress to levy an income tax 94

95. Key Concepts 163 - 168 163.Seventeenth Amendment – provided the election of U.S. Senators by direct popular vote instead of by the state legislatures 164.Eighteenth Amendment – Authorized Congress to prohibit the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor 165.Nineteenth Amendment – extended voting right to women 166.Twentieth Amendment – known as the lame duck amendment, shortened the length of time between a presidential election and inauguration, and set the new date for the opening of Congress 167.Twenty-first Amendment – repeals the unsuccessful eighteenth Amendment and allows for the consumption, manufacturing, and sale of liquor 168.Twenty-Second Amendment – sets the maximum of two elected terms or ten years for a president 95

96. Key Concepts 169 - 174 169.Twenty-third Amendment – allows citizens living in Washington D.C. to vote for president and vice president and assigns the District three electoral votes 170.Twenty-fourth Amendment – prohibits a poll tax in federal election, it was often used in the south to prevent African Americans from voting. 171.Twenty-fifth Amendment – establishes the line of succession, the process of filling vacancies for president and vice president 172.Twenty-sixth Amendment – lowers the voting age to anyone 18 and over in state and federal elections 173.Twenty-seventh Amendment – makes congressional pay raises effective during the term following their passage 174.Code of Hammurabi – the earliest known collection of laws that spelled out the relationships among individuals as well as punishments in areas that we now call property, family, civil, and criminal law 96

97. Key Concepts 175 - 180 175.Jurisprudence – the science of studying the law 176.Contract – a set of voluntary promises, enforceable by the law, between two parties who agree or not agree to do something 177.Plaintiff – the person who brings the charges in a civil lawsuit 178.Defendant – the person who the lawsuit is being filed against 179.Writ of Habeas Corpus – requires an official who has arrested someone to bring them to court and explain why he or she is being held 180.Bill of Attainder – a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or fair hearing in court 97

98. Key Concepts 181 - 186 181.Ex Post Facto Law – a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed 182.Summons – an official notice of the lawsuit that includes the date, time, and place of the initial court appearance 183.Affidavits – a written statement to verify or prove statements of fact that have been signed by the witnesses under oath 184.Crime – an act that breaks the criminal law and causes injury or harm to people or society in general 185.Misdemeanors – a crime that causes a person to be fined or jailed for usually one year or less 186.Felony – a crime that causes a person to be jailed for a period of one year or more 98

99. Key Concepts 187 - 192 187.Arraignment – a judge reads the formal charges against the defendant in an open court room 188.Verdict – the decision of a jury or a judge in a case 189.Personal Rights – These are rights that include both human rights and civil rights and are guaranteed by the United States Constitution 190.Economic Rights – the rights are those that provide a person with the opportunity to work 191.Political Rights – the rights are those that guarantee a person the right to participate in the government such as voting rights and due process 192.Patriotism – the love and loyal support of one’s country 99

100. Key Concepts 193 - 198 193.Extradition – a process by which a fugitive suspected of a crime is returned to the jurisdiction of the prosecuting state 194.Political Parties – a group of organized citizens with a broad set of common beliefs who join together to elect candidates to public office and determine public policy 195.Two-Party System – a political system in which two strong and established political parties compete for political office 196.Third Party – political parties other than the two major parties usually composed of dissatisfied groups that have split from the major parties 197.Primary Elections – an election held before the general election in which candidates from the same party compete for the party nomination 198.General Elections – a regularly scheduled statewide elections at which voters make the final selection for public office-holders 100

101. Key Concepts 199 - 204 199.Run-off Election – a repeat election between two front runners in a prior election when no candidate has received a majority of votes, this election requires a majority vote 200.Electoral College – the group of electors who are selected by the voters in each state to officially elect the president and vice president, the number of electors equals the states Congressional representation 201.Independent Voter – a voter who does not identify with or regularly support a particular political party 202.Australian Ballot – known as a secret ballot this is prepared, distributed, and tabulated by government officials at pubic expense and allows voters to cast their ballot in private 203.Campaign – an organized, planned action for the purpose for getting a candidate elected and allowing that candidate to become known to voters 204.Platform – the candidate’s or political party’s declaration of beliefs in areas such as crime, drug abuse, education 101

102. Key Concepts 205 - 210 205.National Convention – the major political parties are held where thousands of delegates adopt the official party platform and decided who will be the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates 206.Role of media – helps the candidates become familiar to the public through television, newspaper and radio; also they are responsible for informing the public of government actions and election results 207.Special Interest Groups – organizations made up of people who share common objectives and who actively attempt to influence government policymakers through direct and indirect means 208.Political Action Committees – groups that organize to collect money and provide financial support for political candidates 209.Lobbyists – a representative of an organized lobby who handles the group’s lobbying effort 210.Card Stacking – a propaganda technique that attempts to persuade people to support a candidate or issue by making the positive characteristics far outweigh the negative 102

103. Key Concepts 211 - 216 211.Bandwagon – a propaganda technique that attempts to persuade people to support a candidate or issue because large numbers of other people are supposedly doing so 212.Testimonial – a propaganda technique that involves persuading people to support an issue or candidate because well-known individuals; prominent government officials or famous entertainers 213.Plain Folks – a method of propaganda that attempts to attract people to a political figure by portraying him/her as just an average American 214.Association – a propaganda technique that involves associating a candidate with a respected person, group, or symbol 215.Glittering – a propaganda method that uses broad, sweeping statements that sound impressive but have little real meaning 216.Name Calling – A propaganda method that attaches a negative or unpopular label to a person to discredit that person’s public image 103

104. Key Concepts 217 - 222 217.Taxes – a sum of money a person is required to pay to a government 218.Fines – a sum of money paid to government as punishment for a failing to obey government regulations or laws 219.Licenses – a document granted by government that gives a person the right to do some activity 220.User Fee – a government’s charge for services of the use of public facilities 221.Proportional Tax – a system by which taxpayers pay a fixed percentage of every dollar of income, when income increase the tax increases 222.Progressive Tax – it is the tax that increases as incomes rise 104

105. Key Concepts 223 - 228 223.Regressive Tax – it is a tax that decreases as incomes rise 224.Social Security Tax – paid through payroll by employees while working to receive benefits after retirement 225.Sales Tax – a tax levied as a proportion of the retail price of any good when it is sold 226.Tariffs – a tax that the government levies on imported goods 227.Foreign Relations – any relationship that the United States has with another country 228.Diplomacy – the process by which governments of countries establish and maintain political relations with each other 105

106. Key Concepts 229 - 234 229.Diplomatic Recognition – the power of the president to accept the legal existence of another country’s government, this is required before a relations or negotiations between countries 230.Conflicts – the disagreement of two or more countries 231.Summit Meetings – a conference between the heads of two or more nations 232.Embassies – the official residence and offices of an ambassador 233.Ambassador – a diplomat of high rank who represents his/her government to a foreign country 234.Treaty – a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries 106

107. Key Concepts 235 – 240 235.Interdependence – a condition of individuals, organizations, and nations being dependent upon another 236.United Nations – an organization of members whose purpose is to preserve world peace and encourage just action between nations 237.Trade – the exchange of goods, services or natural resources among countries 238.Balance of Trade – relationship between the value of a nation’s exports and the value of its imports in a given year is equal 239.Trade Deficit – when a country has a negative balance of trade meaning it imports more than it exports 240.Trade Surplus – when a country has a favorable balance of trade meaning it exports more than it imports 107

108. Key Concepts 241 - 246 241.Economic Sanction – refusal to trade with a foreign country as means of expressing disapproval of that country’s political or economic policies 242.Isolationism – a political policy of noninvolvement in world affairs 243.Protectionism – a country’s policy of protecting all its political, economic, and military interests in its relationships wit other countries 244.Sanction – a measure in which a government with-holds trade benefits, supplies, or economic aid to pressure a foreign government to cease certain activities 245.Embargo – a law or government order prohibiting trade with a foreign country 246.Neutrality – a position of not being aligned with either side in a dispute or conflict 108

109. Key Concepts 247 - 251 247.Strategic Interest – a country’s interest in a specific political, economic, or military activities of another country 248.National Security – a nations independence and freedom from unwanted interference, threat, or takeover by another nation 249.Peace Keeping – a policy of maintaining peace, security, justice, and cooperation in solutions of international problems 250.Foreign Aid – from one country to another in the form of money, weapons, troops, workers 251.NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement approved in 1993 to extend free trade across North America 109