1. Chapter 10 Section 1 Dictators and War

2. Rise of Totalitarianism Totalitarian states rose up during the 1920s and 1930s –Single-party dictatorship exerting control over all aspects of life –Strong, charismatic leader often at head of government –State control of the economy –Use of spies, police, and terror to enforce the will of the state –Government control of media and use of propaganda to indoctrinate citizens –Use of schools and youth organizations to spread ideology to children –Strict censorship of artists, intellectuals, and political rivals with dissenting opinions

3. Failures of the Treaty of Versailles Germany –Not beat after WWI –Blamed for starting WWI –Stripped of land –Forced to pay huge reparations (33 billion)

4. Soviet Union –Lost land to create new countries Poland Latvia Finland Estonia Lithuania Many new democracies fail after WWI –Treaty of Versailles did not help new democracies –Most had big war debts and were going through a depression –Dictators seized power

5. Soviet Union Uncle Joe (Joseph Stalin) –Takes control in 1924 after death of Lenin –Wanted to create a model Communist state in Soviet Union –Begins to industrialize (5 year plans) State control of everything Takes control of agriculture and factories –Collective farms

6. –Builds massive new state owned factories, mills, and power plants By 1939 Soviet Union was the third largest industrial power, but at what cost? Turned Soviet Union into a police state –Spies everywhere Stalin’s “Great Purge” –Killed up to 1 million communists, bureaucrats, and military officers

7. ~8-13 million killed by Stalin Stalin created a totalitarian state –Complete control over every aspect of peoples live –All opposition killed

8. Italy Benito Mussolini rises to power starting in 1919 –Beginning of Fascism Centralized government with a dictator Nationalism Does not control agriculture or factories Many people feared communists –People followed Mussolini out of this fear

9. Fascist Political party forms, wins 35 seats in parliament in 1921 1922 Mussolini marches on Rome with his followers Creates new Italian government –Becomes IL Duce (The Chief) –Crushed all opposition, became dictator

10. Germany Became a democracy after WWI –Known as Weimar Republic –Not successful at governing Adolf Hitler –1919 joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, (NAZI party) –1923 Beer Hall Putsch fails Hitler thrown in jail Writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) –Laid out his plans for the future –Very anti-Semitic Nazi Fascism –Extreme nationalism –Superior race –National expansion

11. Became Fuhrer (leader) of Nazi party –Forms the SS as security force –Forms Gestapo as secret police force –1932 Nazi’s win most votes in elections –1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor –Makes himself into a dictator

12. How could this all happen legally? –Massive depression and unemployment –German’s pride hurt from the Treaty of Versailles –Fear of communists 1933 Reichstag (congress) fire Hitler bans all communists from Germany –Enabling Act of 1933 Allowed Chancellor Hitler to pass laws without approval of the Reichstag (Congress)

13. Japan Lead by an Emperor –Doesn’t really do much Hideki Tojo –Military general –Japan needs more room for its people –Military launches surprise invasion of China in 1931 and is victorious –Militarists gain control in Japan –China looks to League of Nations for help Japan is condemned for its actions Japan withdraws from the League of Nations and League can do nothing Hitler watches and learns from this

14. Lebensraum Hitler wanted living space for the German people –He looks to expand Germany's borders –Occupies the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone

15. Italy Attacks 1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia –Tanks vs spears –League of Nation did nothing

16. Hitler starts to look at his neighbor’s landsHitler starts to look at his neighbor’s lands –Hitler wants to bring all German speaking people under his control –March 12, 1938 Hitler’s armies marched unopposed into Austria –Two days later Hitler announces that the Anschluss, or “union”, was complete

17. Hitler then massed his troops on the border of CzechoslovakiaHitler then massed his troops on the border of Czechoslovakia Demands the return of the SudetenlandDemands the return of the Sudetenland –3 million German speaking people lived in the region –Hitler used propaganda to justify his claim France and Great Britain promised to defend CzechFrance and Great Britain promised to defend Czech War is inevitable, or is it?War is inevitable, or is it?

18. Munich ConferenceMunich Conference –Hitler invites France and Neville Chamberlain from Britain to Germany for talks –Hitler promises it is his “last territorial demand” –Daladier & Chamberlain appease Hitler and agree –September 30, 1938 Munich Pact signed, Sudetenland handed over to Hitler “I believe it is peace in our time.“I believe it is peace in our time. –Neville Chamberlain “Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.”“Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.” –Winston Churchill

19. From Isolation to Involvement Chapter 10 Section 2

20. Congress Legislates Neutrality The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 –When President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would go into effect No selling or transporting munitions to belligerents No loans to belligerents America would make no distinction between aggressors and victims –Great for aggressors

21. Appeasement 1937 Japan invaded China –FDR did not declare this a war. Thereby allowing trade (with both countries) 1937 “Quarantine Speech” –FDR said aggressors had to be quarantined –Public was outraged, could lead to war –FDR backed off 1937 US gunboat Panay sunk by Japanese –Japan apologized, US relieved Remember the Maine?

22. August 23, 1939 the Soviet Union and Germany signed a nonaggression pact saying they would not fight each other –Also signed a secret pact agreeing to split Poland between them War on Europe

23. September 1, 1939 Germany unleashes its blitzkrieg on Poland –A combination of air, tank, and infantry attacks Poland falls in three weeks In last week of fighting, Soviet Union invades eastern Poland September 3, 1939 France and Britain declare war on Germany (finally!) WWII had begun War on Europe

24. The Phony War British, French, and German troops were positioned on the Maginot Line and the Siegfried Line –Just sat there watching each other, no fighting

25. Germany makes a move in the West –April 9, 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway “to protect [their] freedom and independence” –Next, Hitler conquered the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg –The phony war was over

26. The Fall of France May 10, 1940 Germans attacked and bypassed the Maginot Line As the Germans closed in on Paris Italy invaded from the south June 25, 1940 France surrendered (took 35 days!!!) –Terms of surrender: Germans would occupy northern France and a Nazi controlled puppet government would be set up in the south, Called Vichy France

30. Dunkirk During the Battle of France hundreds of thousands of British and French troops retreated to Dunkirk –During May and June 1940 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to Britain “…The Battle of France is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin.” –Winston Churchill

31. Battle of Britain Germany needed to wipe out the RAF (Royal Air Force) before they could invade July 1940 Luftwaffe begins attacks Thousands of bombers strike British cities –Attack on London known as the “Blitz” British strike back at German cities Although outnumber, the British defeat the Germans and Hitler calls off the invasion of Britain

34. Neutrality September 8, 1939 –FDR asks congress for revised neutrality laws “Cash-and-carry” –People could buy US weapons and goods for cash and they had to carry the supplies of their own ships Neutrality act of 1939 passed after heated debate

35. Axis September 1940 –Japan, Germany, and Italy sign the Tripartite Pact, a mutual defense agreement –These three nations known as Axis Powers

36. Military Build Up FDR asks congress to increase defense spending –18 countries had larger armies –Italy had a larger air force 1940 defense budget greatly expanded –Selective Training and Service Act First peacetime military draft 1940- FDR runs and wins third presidential term

37. “Four Freedoms Speech”

38. “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” 1941- Lend-Lease Act –Replaced the “cash and carry” plan –USA could lend or lease arms and supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States” Lend or lease arms to Britain and USSR –Why ally with Stalin? –“If Hitler invaded Hell, the British would be prepared to work with the Devil”

39. Wolf Packs Had to ship arms across Atlantic German U-boats formed wolf packs –15-20 submarines that worked together Britain was losing ships faster than they could replace them June 1941- FDR ordered the US Navy to protect lend lease shipments Authorized US Navy to attack German U-boats in self-defense

40. The Atlantic Charter FDR and Churchill met secretly on a ship in the Atlantic to outline the course of the war In brief, the eight points were: –No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom. –Territorial adjustments must be in accord with wishes of the peoples concerned. –The peoples had a right to self-determination. –Trade barriers were to be lowered. –There was to be global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare. –Freedom from want and fear was to be enforced. –There was to be freedom of the seas –Disarmament of aggressor nations and postwar common disarmament was to be done.

41. Germany Attacks 1941 –US destroyer Greer fired upon by a U-boat –The Kearny torpedoed, 11 killed –The Reuben James sunk, 100 killed Congress still would not declare war

42. America Enters the War Chapter 10 section 3

43. Land of the Rising Sun As Japan expanded they ran into European colonies –Takes Indochina –US places an embargo on Japan Cuts off oil supply!!! –Japan needs the oil to continue expanding If US did not lift the oil embargo, Japan felt they had no choice but war

44. Surprise US knew an attack was coming, but not where

45. Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 18 ships damaged or sunk ~350 planes destroyed 2,500 people killed 1,200 wounded Totaled more damage than the US Navy suffered in WWI

46. December 8, 1941 –Congress declared war on Japan December 11, 1941 –Germany and Italy declared war on America

47. Listen to FDR’s speech and answer the following questions 1.What was Japan doing while they were preparing to attack Pearl Harbor? 2.Did Japan only attack Pearl Harbor, or did they attack other places in the Pacific?

48. Mobilizing for War 16 million Americans served in the military during WWII –Mexican-Americans, Native Americans, Asian-Americans, African-Americans African-Americans served in segregated units

49. Women’s Army Corps (WAC) –Created in 1943 –15,000 women volunteered –Worked as secretaries, truck drivers, lab technicians… Army Nurse Corps had 57,000 women Total of 350,000 women served in armed forces

50. Mobilizing Industry “To American production, without which the war would have been lost” »A toast made by Joseph Stalin after the war War Production Board created in 1942 –Watched over the conversion of America’s economy to a wartime economy Most resources allocated to wartime production

51. Liberty Ships Henry J. Kaiser –Owned shipyards that built liberty ships Supply ships –One could be built every 4 days!!!

52. Machineguns –United States = 2,679,840 –Germany = 674,280 –Japan = 380,000 Military trucks –United States = 2,382,311 –Germany = 345,914 –Japan = 165,945 Aircraft –United States = 324,750 –Germany = 189,307 –Japan = 76,320 Merchant tonnage –United States = 33,993,230 –Japan = 4,152,361

53. Japanese Empire Following Pearl Harbor, Japan conquered 1/7 of the world! –150 million people

54. Battle of the Philippines January 1942 Japan enters Manila Allied forces retreated to Bataan Peninsula –80,000 troops, 26,000 civilians –Food scarce, 1/3 rations –Malaria and dysentery –Fierce battles to hold onto Bataan

55. March 11, 1942 General Douglas MacArthur ordered out of Philippines –“I shall return”

56. The Bataan Death March Allies surrender, no respect from Japanese –Some killed immediately, others tortured –Rest were marched 65 miles with no food or water –5,000 Americans killed on the march

57. America Strikes Back Colonel James Doolittle raid –April 18, 1942 –16 B-25 bombers bomb Japanese cities –Little damage –Raised American moral

58. America Turns the Tide Battle of Coral Sea –Japan going to invade New Guinea, the Australia –American naval task force goes to stop them –First naval battle where ships did not fight –Battle lasts 2 days America loses 81 planes Japan loses 105 planes America loses more ships First time the Japanese have been stopped