1. Rise of Fascism in Italy Rise of Nazis in Germany World History

2. Rise of Fascism in Italy First Fascist State Cult of the leader Corporate Economics

3. Impact of World War One 1. Italy divided over war. 2. Treaty of London 1915. 3. 600,000 killed – 1 million wounded 4. War debt of 85 billion lire (£85m) 5. Treaty of Versailles 6. D’Annunzio and nationalists occupy city of Fiume. 7 Rising inflation as government prints money to pay war debt.

4. Causes of Rise of Fascism 1. Resentment at Treaty of Versailles – Italy did not get promised territory. Rise of nationalist feeling 2. Economic depression – rising inflation. 3. Social Unrest – strikes for higher wages, land seizures by peasants in the South. 4. Weakness of parliamentary democracy – large number of parties leading to unstable government. 5. Fear of Communism after Russian Revolution – Bolsheviks supported by Socialist Party. 6. Use of propaganda and intimidation by blackshirts. Attacks on striking workers.

5. Development of Fascism in Italy 1. 1919 - Mussolini established ‘combat groups’ – ‘fascio di Combattimento’ 2. Used symbols from Roman Empire. 3. Uniformed blackshirts – ‘squadristi’ 4. Support from ex-army officers, students, middle classes. 5. 1921 – Mussolini forms National Fascist Party

6. Development of Fascism in Italy 6. Financial support from FIAT, Pirelli tyre company and Italian banks. 7. 1921 elections – 35 seats. 8. 1919-1922 – 2,000 opponents killed by fascists. 9. 1922 – Fascists help break a general strike. 10. 1922 – 300,000 members.

7. March on Rome 1. Oct. 1922 – Mussolini demands to be made Prime Minister. 2. Announces ‘March on Rome’ 3. Fascists occupy towns across North and Central Italy. 4. King refuses to declare a State of Emergency and use army to crush fascists. 5. King gives in and appoints Mussolini Prime Minister. 6. Fascists stage ‘victory march’ in Rome.

8. Establishing a Dictatorship 1. 1923 Acerbo Law - the party that gained the greatest number of votes in the election would get two-thirds of the seats. 2. In the election Mussolini used violence to make sure he won. 3. Mussolini established ‘ rule by decree ’ which allowed him to make laws without going through parliament. 4. All other political parties were banned. 5. The press and radio were censored. 6. The secret police (established 1926) – the OVRA were used to crush opposition. 7. Mussolini was called Il Duce and a cult of personality developed around him -photographed in heroic poses.

9. Propaganda 1. Propaganda - The press, radio and cinema to glorify Fascist successes. 2. Fascist education - The education system and youth organisations used to indoctrinate or brainwash young boys and girls. Textbooks were changed to glorify Mussolini and fascism and teachers were vetted. Young people had to join Fascist youth organisations like the Ballila. 3. Mussolini called ‘ IL DUCE ’ - Cult of Leadership - He wanted to be the ‘ New Caesar ’. 4. Huge Rallies. 5. Strict Press Censorship.

10. The Corporate State 1. Goal was to eliminate conflict between employers and workers. 2. All were to work for common good 3. Trade Unions banned and Strikes forbidden. 4. Every profession and industry had its own corporate body (corporation). 5. Problems to be solved by negotiation. 6. In reality fascists were in control and issued orders to negotiating sides. 7. Wages fell and Living standards remained low.

11. Economic Policies 1. Mussolini improved the main road system by building autostrada (motorways). 2. Mussolini reclaimed the Pontine Marshes near Rome, which provided more land and helped to prevent malaria. 3. Mussolini promoted the ‘ Battle for Grain ’ - doubled grain production. 4. He promoted the ‘ Battle for Births ’ to increase the Italian population.

12. Relations with the Catholic Church Ongoing dispute over confiscation of Church lands during unification of Italy. The Catholic Church welcomed Mussolini as a safeguard against communism. Religious instruction was allowed in primary schools. In 1923 the government rescued the Catholic Bank of Rome from financial difficulties.

13. Mussolini had a Catholic marriage and baptised his children in 1925. Obscene publications and swearing in public were banned. 1925 - Pope Pius XI withdrew support from the Catholic Popular Party. Relations with the Catholic Church

14. Lateran Treaty 1929 1. The treaty restored the pope’s control over the Vatican City. 2. In return, the Church gave formal recognition to the kingdom of Italy and the pope relinquished all claims to any other Italian territory. 3. Mussolini paid 750m lira to as compensation for loss of territory. 4. Catholicism became the state religion. 5. Clergy could not belong to a political party. 6. Divorce banned.

15. Foreign Policy “Make Italy Great, Feared and Respected” Invasion of Abyssinia Spanish Civil War Rome-Berlin Axis – 1936 Pact of Steel 1939 World War Two

16. “Make Italy Great, Feared and Respected” 1934 – Opposed unification of Austria and Germany. 1935 – Formed ‘Stresa Front’ with Britain and France to oppose German rearmament and expansion.

17. Invasion of Abyssinia 1935 - Italy invades Abyssinia. Revenge for Abyssinian defeat of Italy in 1896. League of Nations apply limited sanctions. Unsuccessful. 400,000 troops with tanks and planes used. Hitler supported Mussolini – used crisis to occupy Rhineland. Collapse of ‘Stresa Front’ Weakness of League of Nations.

18. Spanish Civil War Mussolini supported the Fascist army of General Francisco Franco. Met with Spanish generals before the Civil War started and promised aid (failed to deliver). Sent 80,000 troops during the war. Hoped a Fascist victory would increase his international prestige and his reputation at home. Intervention had the opposite effect. Italian troops were poorly equipped and trained. Franco blamed Italians for some Fascist defeats. Italy drew closer to Germany.

19. Rome-Berlin Axis – 1936 Mussolini becoming more dependent on the Nazis for strength. Nov. 1936 – first treaty with Germany signed by Count Ciano (Foreign Minister and Mussolini’s cousin). European power revolved around an axis connecting Berlin and Rome. 1937 – Italy, Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. United Fascist countries in their aim to crush the USSR.

20. The Rise of the Nazi Party The Beginning of the Nazis The Munich Putsch 1923 Aftermath of the Munich Putsch ‘ Mein Kampf ’ Support for the Nazis Declines Hitler Reorganises the Nazis

21. The Beginning of the Nazis In 1919 Hitler joined the German Workers Party as a spy for the German Government. In 1920 the party changes it ’ s name to NSDAP (Nazis) and adopts the 25 point programme (nationalist and anti-semtic) Hitler became leader in 1921 and adopted the swastika emblem. Hitler then set up the SA (brownshirts) as private "army" under the leadership of Ernst Rohm. The Brownshirts break up left-wing meetings and attack communists and anti-Nazis.

22. The Munich Putsch 1923 When the French invaded the Ruhr, Hitler saw an opportunity and decided to try and seize power. He planned to first take the Bavarian government and then march on Berlin. He was supported by a right-wing politician, Ludendorff, and declared himself President of Germany. Hitler took over a Bavarian government meeting but couldn't get enough support His attempted coup was stopped by armed police. The attempted coup was easily put down.

23. Aftermath of the Munich Putsch Hitler tries to escape but was later arrested and charged with treason. He used his trial to make long public speeches which were widely and sympathetically reported. He gets a very lenient sentence of 5 years in Landsberg Prison from the sympathetic judge. While in prison he writes "Mein Kampf" (My Struggles)

24. ‘ Mein Kampf ’ Main Ideas – The Aryan race is the master race (Herrenvolk). Aryans should have "lebensraum" (living space) in a new German Empire (expanding to the East). All other races inferior (especially Jews). Treaty of Versialles should be reversed, and Germany and Austria should unite (Anschluss).

25. Hitler Reorganises the Nazis In 1925 Hitler re-launched the NSDAP. Power was concentrated in the leader. Special sections set up for students, teachers, youth and farmers. Party branches in all major towns - soon 100,000 members. Hitler decided to use elections and works to exploit the weaknesses in German democracy and the constitution to gain power rather than through revolution. The Nazis work to get support from industrialists – both financial and political. Industrialists see the Nazis as a bulwark against communists and trade unions.

26. Nazis use of Violence Hitler's SA or brownshirts were used to intimidate opponents and drum up support. Running battles were fought with rivals - the Communist party. Violence and rivalry were central to Nazi philosophy of survival of the fittest. Ernst Rohm led the SA for the Nazi party. The Nazis claim that they are the only party capable of restoring ‘law and order.

27. Hitler ’ s Abilities Some of the claims made – Hitler had an ability for public speaking and an understanding of ordinary peoples desires. Hitler had 'his finger on the pulse of Germany' (Walden). His vision as highlighted in Mein Kampf. He demonstrated single-mindedness in his efforts to get into power. He stated the Nazis 'Enter the Reichstag holding our noses'.

28. Hitler appealed to many sections of society. 'Rip up the Treaty of Versailles' 'Work, freedom and bread' Sort out the communists. Guaranteed farm prices Regain national pride. Hitler is 'the last hope' for Germany. Hitler’s Political Strategy

29. Hitler should have been kept from power, he never gained an overall majority in an election. Communists and Socialists were divided. The Stalinists attacked other Socialists as ‘social fascists’. Stalin declared ‘After Hitler, our turn’ Parties squabbled over how to deal with the depression. In 1933 January Hitler is invited as Chancellor in an attempt to control him and the Nazis Hitler ’ s Opponents

30. Hitler Consolidates Power Hitler in a weak position because he could be dismissed by President Hindenburg (other Chancellors hadn't lasted long!) He cooperates closely with Hindenburg. February 1933 - concentration camps are opened. Political opponents were put in these camps, beaten and forced to do hard labour unless they agreed to cooperate with the Nazis. Mainly Communists arrested.

31. On 27 February 1933 Reichstag burns down a week before a general election. Dutch Communist arrested. Hitler says it is a Communist plot and arrests 4000 Communists. Communists banned from the election. The ‘ Enabling Act ’ gave Hitler emergency powers to pass laws without the Reichstag. SS & SA surrounded the building to intimidate politicians. Hitler could pass any law he wanted. On 14 July 1933 - Hitler rules that the Nazis were the only legal party in Germany. Hitler Consolidates Power

32. Axis Powers In 1936 Italy, Germany, and Japan sign a peace treaty and become the Axis Powers. In March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria and made it part of The Third Reich (German Empire) In September 1938 The Munich Conference was held and gave Hitler more land. France and GB practiced the Policy of Appeasement and let Hitler have the land. The US was still an Isolationist Nation.