1. The Middle East Today

2. Standards SS7H2: The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (Middle East) leading to the 21st century. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connection to the land, the Holocaust, anti- Semitism, and Zionism in Europe.

3. Essential Questions E.Q.: How did Jews’ religious connection to Palestine, Anti-Semitism, Zionism, and the Holocaust lead to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948?

4. Vocabulary Anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews because they are Jewish. Holocaust: a time when 6 million Jews were killed in concentration camps during WWII Zionism: Jewish belief that Jews deserve a homeland in Zion Immigration: moving to one country from another Civil War: war between members of a country Refugee: Person who has to leave homeland because of war. Taliban: a fundamentalist Islamic group who interprets Islamic laws very strictly.

5. History Jews believe that God promised them the land of Canaan (now Israel). Arabs (Muslims) believe God promised them the land of Canaan (called Palestine by Arabs). –In Genesis, God promises Canaan to Abraham’s (founder of Judaism) descendants. –He has 2: Ishmael – ancestor of all Arabs Isaac – ancestor of all Jews You see the problem?

6. Palestine was ruled by many different countries. The Ottoman Empire controlled it from 1516 till WWI. In the 1800s, some Jews wanted to make Palestine their very own homeland. –They called it Zion. –They were called Zionists. –They moved to Palestine. Fights broke out between Zionists and the Arabs who were living there.

7. Double-cross? The Ottoman Empire became weak just before WWI. The Arabs, Jews, and British wanted to control it. The British, who controlled it after WWI (because they needed the Suez Canal), first seemed to promise the Arabs they could have control. BUT – they created Palestine in 1917 and gave the Jews a homeland. The Arabs were angry… Suez Canal Palestine

8. Britain divided Ottoman Empire after WWI

9. Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews): many Europeans hated Jews. They attacked them and killed them. 1939 – another double-cross – the British took back their agreement to give Jews a homeland in Palestine. The British began to block Jewish immigration into Palestine.

10. During WWII, Hitler killed 6 million Jews. –They had been trapped in Europe because no country would allow them in. –Hitler wanted to kill all the Jews in the world. –This time is called “The Holocaust”. After WWII, many remaining Jews wanted their own homeland. 1948: the U.N. (because they felt bad about not stopping the Holocaust) set up part of Palestine as a Jewish homeland.

11. The Arabs in Palestine and neighboring countries were angry – the U.N. had given their land away. Arabs and Israelis began fighting the next day. Arab Israeli ConflictArab Israeli Conflict

13. Why Does It Matter? Both Palestinians (Muslims) and Israelis (Jews) believe Jerusalem to be their own true capital from the beginning of time. Jerusalem has –The Dome of the Rock – the rock where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac and where Muhammad ascended into heaven (holy to Jews and Muslims) –The Temple Mount – where the rock is; also where Solomon built his temple; also where Jesus went when he was 12 and where he later threw out the money-changers (holy to Muslims, Jews, and Christians) –The Western Wall of the Temple Mount – all that is left of Solomon’s Temple (holy to Jews - also to Muslims because it is part of the Temple Mount) –Al-Aqsa Mosque: religious center of Muslim learning (holy to Muslims) –Church of the Holy Sepulchre – built on the site believed to be where Jesus was crucified and buried in the tomb (holy to Christians)

14. Also in Israel… Bethlehem has –The Church of the Nativity – built on the site where it is believed Jesus was born in a manger (holy to Christians) –Tomb of Rachel – Jacob’s (son of Isaac) wife (holy to Jews, Muslims, and Christians).

15. Summary 4 main reasons for establishment of Israel: 1.Jewish religious connection to the land 2.Anti-Semitism 3.Zionism 4.Holocaust

16. CRCT Test Prep pages 121-123 349. Which describes the Holocaust? A. the murder of millions of European Jews during WWII B. the destruction of all European governments during WWII C. The bombing of towns & villages in England and Germany during WWII D. The Russian policy of burning ground behind them as they retreated to stop the German invasion A. the murder of millions of European Jews during WWII

17. 350. Why did so many countries in the United Nations feel it was right to create Israel in 1948? A. There was no one else living on the land at the time B. Many felt the Jews deserved help due to their suffering during the Holocaust. C. Arab countries nearby supported the creation of a homeland for the Jews in Palestine. D. All national groups were given homelands at the same time. B. Many felt the Jews deserved help due to their suffering during the Holocaust

18. 351. What is Zionism? A.the idea that all religious groups should have their own state B.the plan to let Arabs and Jews share the land in Palestine equally C.The hope that all governments will be based on religious principles D.The belief that Jews deserved to return to a homeland in Zion where they had lived in Biblical times

19. 352. What world organization created the new state of Israel? A.The United Nations B.The European Union C.The League of Nations D.The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries A. The United Nations

20. 353. How did Arabs living in Palestine in 1948 feel about the creation of the new state of Israel? A.They supported it fully. B.They rejected it as unfair to them. C.The Arab population in Palestine was largely unaffected by the new state. D.They agreed to try to work it out although they were unhappy about the decision. B. They rejected it as unfair to them.

21. 354. When war broke out in Palestine, what countries joined with the Palestinian Arabs to try to stop the creation of the new state of Israel? A.The United States B.Neighboring Arab countries C.The major nations of Europe D.The countries belonging to the United Nations B. Neighboring Arab countries

22. 355. Which countries border the Gaza Strip? A. Iraq and Jordan B. Israel and Egypt C. Lebanon and Syria D. Israel and West Bank B. Israel and Egypt

23. 356. What is the approximate location of the Dead Sea from Jerusalem? A. East B. West C. Southeast D. Southwest C. Southeast Dead Sea

24. 357. What country is found at 31° N, 34° E? A. Egypt B. Israel C. Jordan D. Saudi Arabia A. Egypt

25. Conflicts over Land and Religion in SWA

26. Standards SS7H2 The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (Middle East) leading to the 21st century. C. Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East

27. Essential Questions How are land and religion reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East?

28. Land and Religion Continue to Cause Conflicts Today May 1948 – civil war between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews. Neighboring Arab countries supported Palestinian Arabs in war. Israelis won – took more land. Many Palestinians became refugees (lost their homes due to war).

29. Still Fighting There have been more wars between Palestinians and Israelis over the last 50 years. Many Palestinians still live in refugee camps. People on both sides are trying to solve the problems. Arabs support Palestinians. U.S. supports Israel. Arab-Israeli conflict affects our dealings with all Middle East countries. From Saudi Arabia

31. CRCT Test Prep page 124 358. What was the outcome of the 1948 War between the new state of Israel and the Arabs living in and around Palestine? A.The conflict ended and all Palestinian Arabs became citizens in the new State of Israel. B.Israel won the war and the new State of Israel was even larger than originally planned. C.Almost no Jewish people were willing to go to Israel because of the country’s angry neighbors. D.The U.N. decided to withdraw the proposal to create a State of Israel because of all the problems it caused in the area. B. Israel won the war and the new State of Israel was even larger than originally planned.

32. 359. What is a “refugee”? A.A person who had to leave his home because of war. B.A person who opens his home to those who need a safe place to stay. C.A person who refuses to take in someone who is without a safe place to stay. D.A person who refuses to leave his home even though it is dangerous to stay there. A. A person who had to leave his home because of war.

33. 360.What has become of many of the Palestinians who became refugees in 1948? A.Many still live in refugee camps. B.Most have become Israeli citizens. C.They have been given a state of their own in which to live. D.They have given up any claim to return to the land they lost in 1948. A. Many still live in refugee camps.

34. U.S. Presence and Interest in Southwest Asia

35. Standards SS7H2 The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (Middle East) leading to the 21st century. d. Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

36. Essential Questions Why has the U.S. gotten involved in conflicts in Kuwait, Afghanistan, and Iraq?

37. Explain U.S. presence in SW Asia; include Persian Gulf Conflict, invasions of Afghanistan, and Iraq The U.S. has been interested in SW Asia since the 1800s. –We need their oil. –We were involved in the negotiations after the Ottoman Empire broke up. –We supported the creation of Israel in 1948.

38. Persian Gulf War August 1990: Iraq invaded Kuwait. Iraq wanted Kuwait’s oil supplies. Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s leader, said Kuwait took more oil than they were allowed from shared oil fields. He said after the Ottoman Empire broke up, Kuwait should have been part of Iraq. When Kuwait was created in 1920, Iraq lost its coastline on the Persian Gulf.

39. The U.S. gets a lot of oil from Kuwait and nearby Saudi Arabia (255 thousand barrels/day from Kuwait in February 2013). Iraq was not friends with the U.S. Kuwait belongs to the United Nations. The U.N. helps member countries who are attacked for no reason. Kuwait oil fields ignited by Iraqis

40. The U.N. put together a military force to free Kuwait from the Iraqi invasion. We sent troops as part of this military force to protect our oil interests. This was called the Persian Gulf War or Desert Storm. 39 countries were part of the U.N. military force. In 3 months, Iraq gave up and signed a truce. They left Kuwait.

42. 9/11 September 11, 2001: Al-Qaeda, a terrorist group led by Osama bin-Laden, crashed planes into the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania (headed for the White House until the passengers attacked the terrorists and diverted the plane). Al-Qaeda wants to stop western influence in Southwest Asia.

43. We began a military operation in Afghanistan. Our sources said the radical Muslim government, the Taliban, in Afghanistan, was letting bin-Laden and his terrorists hide in their mountains. After we sent in troops, the Taliban government collapsed.

44. Bin-Laden moved his hiding place many times. We finally killed him in Pakistan on May 2, 2011. We still have troops in Afghanistan. We are supporting the president of Afghanistan and the Afghan troops. The Taliban is still trying to get back into power.

45. Who are the Taliban? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x8_- GMvWwU The Taliban are a fundamentalist Islamic group. They interpret Islamic laws very strictly: One Taliban list of prohibitions included: pork, pig, pig oil, anything made from human hair, satellite dishes, cinematography, musical equipment, pool tables, chess, masks, alcohol, tapes, computers, VCRs, television, wine, lobster, nail polish, firecrackers, statues, sewing catalogs, pictures, and Christmas cards. They also got rid of employment, education, and sports for all women, dancing, clapping during sports events, kite flying, and characterizations of living things, including drawings, paintings, photographs, stuffed animals, and dolls. Men had to have a fist size beard at the bottom of their chin. Conversely, they had to wear their head hair short. They had to wear a head covering.

46. Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003: U.S. invaded Iraq. We said Saddam Hussein, their leader, was developing nuclear weapons and helping terrorists like al-Qaeda. Hussein was arrested for war crimes and hung 12/30/2006. Hussein’s capture

47. Problem: after Hussein’s government collapsed, we did not have a clear plan to reorganize Iraq. We withdrew our troops 12/18/2011. Iraqis are still fighting each other over control of their government.

48. CRCT Test Prep page 126 361. What is the United States’ main economic interest in Southwest Asia? A.Oil B.Tourism C.Trade routes D.Selling American-made products A. Oil

49. CRCT Test Prep page 126 362. Why did the United Nations try to stop Iraq from taking over Kuwait in 1990? A. The United Nations wanted to destroy Iraq. B. The only job of the United Nations is military action around the world. C. The economies of many countries depend on oil, and Iraq’s actions threatened their supply. D. The United Nations has to intervene whenever any member has a conflict with another country. C. The economies of many countries depend on oil…

50. CRCT Test Prep page 126 363. Who are the Taliban? A. the government of Iraq B. The government of Kuwait C. a group of radical Muslims D. a part of the United Nations C. A group of radical Muslims

51. CRCT Test Prep page 126 364. Why did the U.S. bomb and invade Afghanistan in 2001? A. Afghanistan invaded Kuwait and threatened the U.S. supply of oil. B. The United Nations asked the U.S. to overthrow the Taliban government of Afghanistan C. The U.S. was afraid Afghanistan was developing nuclear weapons… D. They believed the government was offering safety to al-Qaeda.

52. CRCT Test Prep page 126 365. Why did the U.S. go to war against Iraq in 2003? A. Iraq was threatening Afghanistan with nuclear weapons. B. The United Nations believed Iraq was about to invade Kuwait a second time. C. Iraqi troops launched an attack on Saudi Arabia, a close ally of the U.S. D. The U.S. government saw the Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, as a threat to peace and U.S. interests in the region. D. The U.S. government saw Saddam Hussein as a threat to peace and U.S. interests in the region.

53. Journal Response –copy statement and write a paragraph response (choose one): Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel. Why do land and religion continue to be sources of conflict in the Middle East? Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.