Republic to Empire: 50 BC to AD 50 Roman Core (CAAH) III. Principate: the Augustan revolution and dynasty

Republic to Empire: 50 BC to AD 50 Roman Core (CAAH) III. Principate: the Augustan revolution and dynasty simon.day@wadh.ox.ac.uk

Actium: September 2, 31 BC Alexandria: August 1, 30 BC Rome, triple triumph: 13-15 August, 29 BC

Cistophoros, Ephesus mint, 28 BC (RIC Aug 476): Rev. IMP · CAESAR · DIVI · F · COS · VI · LIBERTATIS · P ( OPULI ) · R ( OMANI ) · VINDEX ; laureate head of Octavian Obv. pax; Pax (Peace) holding caduceus and standing on parazonium; snake emerging from cista mystica; all within laurel-wreath.

Res Gestae, 34: In my sixth [28 BC] and seventh [27 BC] consulships, after I had put an end to civil wars, although by everyone’s agreement I had power over everything, I transferred the state from my power into the control of the Roman senate and people. For this service, I was named Augustus by senatorial decree, and the doorposts of my house were publicly clothed with laurels, and a civic crown was fastened above my doorway, and a golden shield was set up in the Julian senate house; through an inscription on this shield the fact was declared that the Roman senate and people were giving it to me because of my valour, clemency, justice, and piety. After this time I excelled everyone in influence, but I had no more power than the others who were my colleagues in each magistracy.

BM CM 1995.4-1.1, gold aureus, 28 BC: Obv. IMP · CAESAR · DIVI · F · COS · VI ; laureate head of Octavian Rev. LEGES · ET · IURA · P ( OPULI / O ) R ( OMNI / O ) · RESTITUIT ; Octavian, in toga, seated on sella curulis, holding out scroll in right hand, scrinium on ground to left See: Rich, J.W. and Williams, J.H.C. 1999. Leges et Iura P.R. restituit: a new Aureus of Octavian and the settlement of 28-27 B.C. Numismatic Chronicle, 159, 169-213. Dio, 53.1.1: Caesar held the consulship for the sixth time [28 BC]. Besides acting in other respects in accordance with very ancient tradition, he handed over the fasces to his colleague Agrippa, as was his duty, himself using the others, and when his term of office was up, he took the oath in accordance with ancestral custom...

Roman Republican Coinage no. 433/1 Minted by M. Iunius Brutus, 54 BC. Rev. Consul L. Iunius Brutus, with consular attendants (lictors) in 509 BC and seen carrying fasces (as on right).

Lex Titia, 27 Nov. 43 BC, IIIviri rei publicae consitutendae 5 years, to 31 Dec. 38 BC Renewed for 5 years at Tarentum 37 BC (to 31 Dec. 33, or 31 Dec. 32? But continued until the office was abdicated (see Luna inscription below) – i.e. beyond 31 Dec. 32 – 27 BC?) cf. Augustus, Res Gestae 7.1: “I was one of the triumvirs for settling the state for ten consecutive years.” Inscription set up at Luna, Italy, 28? BC (ILS 78): Imp(eratori) Caesari d(ivi) f(ilio) | Imp(eratori) V, co(n)s(uli) VI | III vir(o) r(ei) p(ublicae) c(onstituendae), | Patrono (Dedicated) to Imperator Caesar, son of the god, | Imperator for the 5 th time, Consul for the 6 th time [= 28 BC] | Triumvir for the establishment of the res publica | our patron

Fasti Praenestini (AD 4-10) CIL I 2. p.231 EJ 2 p.45 Sherk, Aug. to Hadrian, no. 1 [the Senate decreed] that an oak crown should be set up [above the house of Imperator Caesar] Augustus [because] he had restored [the res publica] to the Roman people

“Laudatio Turiae” = EJ 2 357 = CIL VI.41062 = Osgood, J. (2014). Turia, Oxford, Appendix pacato orbe terrarum res[titut]a re publica quieta deinde n[obis et felicia] tempora contingerunt. After the world had been pacified and the res publica res[tor]ed, tranquil [and blessed] times once again befell us Col. II, line 25f

The Augustan provincial settlement (January, 27 BC) = provinces of Caesar = provinces of the Roman people = Roman legion

Cyrene Edict II (7/6 BC): Imperator Caesar Augustus, pon|tifex maximus, holding tribunician power for the seventeenth time [i.e. 7/6 BC] DECLARES: Ill-will and blame | ought not to be (directed) to(ward) Publius Sextius Scaeva because he saw to it that Aulus Stlaccius Maximus and Lucius Stlaccius…and Publi|us Lacutanius…, when they || said they knew and wished to tell something that pertained to my safety and to the Republic, | were sent in chains to me from Cyrenaica, | … Moreover, since they know nothing of matters that pertain to me and the republic | and stated and made it clear to me that this, which they said in the province, had ben a fa||brication and a falsehood, I have set them free | and released them from custody. But (as for) Aulus Stlaccius | Maximus, whom envoys of the Cyreneans accuse of removing statues from | public places, among them being the one beneath which the city has inscribed my name, until | I have formed an opinion about this matter, I forbid him to leave (Rome) without my order.

Tacitus, Ann. 1.11.3-4:...[In a meeting of the Senate in mid- September 14 AD, Tiberius] ordered a booklet be produced and read out. Its contents were the public resources, what numbers of citizens and allies under arms, how many fleets, kingdoms and provinces, taxes and revenues, and also necessary expenses and lavishments – all of which Augustus had listed in his own hand, and had added the counsel of confining the empire within its boundaries (whether in dread or through resentment being uncertain. Cf. Strabo, Geog. 17.3.25 (C 840): The provinces have been divided sometimes in one way, at other times in another, but at present they are as Caesar Augustus has arranged them, for when his country granted him the foremost position of leadership and he was made responsible for war and peace for life…

Fasti Praenestini (AD 4-10) CIL I 2. p.231 EJ 2 p.45 Sherk, Aug. to Hadrian, no. 1

RIC 277, gold aureus, 27 BC: Obv. CAESAR · COS · VII · CIVIBUS · SERVATEIS ; head of Augustus Rev. AUGUSTUS · SC ; Eagle, holding oak-wreath, flanked by SC and two laurel branches

The Arles copy of the clipeus virtutis (shield of virtue), 26 BC (= EJ 2 22) senatus | populusque Romanus | Imp. Caesari Divi f. Augusto | cos. VIII [26 BC] dedid clupeum | virtutis clementiae | iustitiae pietatis erga | deos patriamque The senate and people of Rome gave to Imperator Caesar Augustus, consul eight times [26 BC], a shield of valour, clemency, justice and piety towards gods and country

Res Gestae, 34: In my sixth [28 BC] and seventh [27 BC] consulships, after I had put an end to civil wars, although by everyone’s agreement I had power over everything, I transferred the state from my power into the control of the Roman senate and people. For this service, I was named Augustus by senatorial decree, and the doorposts of my house were publicly clothed with laurels, and a civic crown was fastened above my doorway, and a golden shield was set up in the Julian senate house; through an inscription on this shield the fact was declared that the Roman senate and people were giving it to me because of my valour, clemency, justice, and piety. After this time I excelled everyone in influence, but I had no more power (potestas) than the others who were my colleagues in each magistracy. On this final sentence see the recent Rowe, G. (2013). “Reconsidering the Auctoritas of Augustus”, JRS, 103, 1-15 See generally also Cooley, A.E. (2009). Res Gestae Divi Augusti, Cambridge colleagues

Cassius Dio, Roman History, 53.17.1-2: In this way all the power of the people and senate passed to Augustus and from then was established what, to speak accurately, is monarchy...The Romans hated the name of monarchy so much that they did not call their emperors dictators or kings or anything of that kind, but, since supreme power in the state lies with the emperors, the Romans unquestionably are ruled by kings. Cf. Res Gestae, 34: I transferred the state from my power into the control of the Roman senate and people… Tacitus, Annals. 1.1….1: …Not for Cinna nor for Sulla was there lengthy domination (dominatio), and the powerfulness of Pompeius and Crassus passed quickly to Caesar, the armies of Lepidus and Antonius [passed to] to Augustus, who with the name of princeps (princeps) took everything, exhausted as it now was by civil discord, under his command (imperium).

28-27 BC: first “constitutional settlement” Most probably resigns triumviral powers; obtains a number of provinces (Jan. 27), followed by extraordinary honours by senatorial decree; continues to hold consulship up until 23 (he is consul in 43 (I), 33 (II), 31-23 (II-XI)) *For further detail see especially, above all, Ferrary, J.-L. (2009). “On the Powers of Augustus”, In: Edmondson, J., Augustus, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, ch.3, 90-136 There is also a general summary of Augustus’ constitutional position in Brunt & Moore’s edition of the Res Gestae, introduction 23 BC: modifications to the settlement of 28-27 BC Abdicates from consulship and receives tribunician power (tribunicia potestas) for life, which gives him right to call Senate and propose laws to people (Dio, 53.32.5); used for dating purposes and to mark out/empower successors; kept his power in his provinces and he was given greater power than the proconsuls in the provinces of the Roman people (so-called senatorial provinces.

Tacitus, Annals, 3.56 (referring to events in 22 AD): Tiberius, having won a reputation for restraint because he had checked the swooping accusers, sent a letter to the senate in which he sought the tribunician power for Drusus. (That designation for the highest exaltedness (summi fastigii vocabulum) was devised by Augustus in order that he should not take on the name king or dictator and yet by some entitlement should tower over the other commands. Subsequently he chose Marcus Agrippa as his partner in that power, and on his decease, Tiberius Nero, so that his successor should not be in doubt...It was with this example that Tiberius now moved Drusus close to the supremacy, although during Germanicus’ lifetime he had suspended judgment impartially between the two.)

Compare Cyrene Edict II (7/6 BC): Imperator Caesar Augustus, pon|tifex maximus, holding tribunician power for the seventeenth time [= 7/6 BC] DECLARES… ILS 91 (= CIL 6.702): T RIB POT XIV = tribunician power (tribunicia potestas) for the 14 th time = 10/9 BC (Sundial dedication)

28-27 BC: first “constitutional settlement” *For further detail see especially, above all, now Ferrary, J.-L. (2009). “On the Powers of Augustus”, In: Edmondson, J., Augustus, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, ch.3, 90-136 There is also a general summary of constitutional position in Brunt & Moore’s edition of the Res Gestae, introduction 23 BC: modifications to the settlement of 28-27 BC Abdicates from consulship and receives tribunician power (tribunicia potestas) for life, which gives him right to call Senate and propose laws to people (Dio, 53.32.5); used for dating purposes and to mark out/empower successors. In addition, his imperium was now made maius than the proconsuls in all of the prouinciae populi Romani – presumably in anticipation of his tour of the East (Dio, 53.32.5). 19 BC: further modifications Granted the privileges associated with the consular power (e.g. he could sit on a chair (curule chair) between the two consuls)

Roman Republican Coinage no. 433/1 Minted by M. Iunius Brutus, 54 BC Rev. Consul L. Iunius Brutus, with consular attendants (lictors) in 509 BC See also Dio, Roman History, 54.10.5 (Augustus had 12 fasces (sets of rods), the right to lictors, could sit in a magisterial chair in between the consuls!)

Red = Augustus’ provinciae Caesaris (provinces of Caesar) Blue = the Senate’s prouinciae populi Romani (provinces of the Roman people) Dio, 53.13.1: Caesar accepted the government of the provinces assigned to him only for ten years. He promised that he would reduce them to order in that time and boastfully claimed that, if they were pacified sooner, he would hand them back sooner.

See Zanker, P. (1988). The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, Ann Arbor, p.186-192

Temple of Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger) in the Forum Augustum, dedicated 2 BC Res Gestae, 29.2: I compelled the Parthians to give back to me spoils and standards of three Roman armies and humbly to request the friendship of the Roman people. These standards moreover I deposited in the innermost sanctum which is in the temple of Mars the Avenger. Rev. denarius coin, Spain (?), c. 18 BC showing Temple of Mars Ultor (imagined) with legionary eagle between two standards (RIC 105a)

Denarius, c. 19 BC, Pergamum, RIC 518 (variant) Obv. Head of Augustus Rev. CAESAR DIV ( I ) F ( ILIUS ) / ARMEN ( IA ) RECE ( PTA ) / IMP VIIII [Armenian holding sprear, resting bow on the ground]

EJ 40: To the Imperator Caesar, son of the deified, Augustus, pontifex Maximus, Imperator for the 14 th time, in the 17 th year of tribunician power, (set up by) the Senate and People of Rome, because by his leadership and under his auspices all the Alpine tribes which stretch from the upper to the lower sea were brought under the imperium of the Roman People. … [a long list of tribal names follows] La Turbie trophy, 7/6 BC

Res Gestae, 26: I extended the territory of all those provinces of the Roman people which had neighbouring peoples who were not subject to our authority. I brought under control the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and similarly Germany...I brought the Alps under control... Under my command and auspices two armies were led at almost the same time into Aethiopia and Arabia… Res Gestae, 27: I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people. Although I could have made Greater Armenia a province…I preferred, in accordance with the example set by our ancestors, to hand over this kingdom to Tigranes… Res Gestae, 29: I subdued the enemy and recovered from Spain and Gaul and from the Dalmatians several military standards which had been lost by other generals. I compelled the Parthians to give back to me spoils and standards of three Roman armies and humbly request the friendship of the Roman people…

Red = Augustus’ prouinciae Caesaris (provinces of Caesar) Blue = the Senate’s prouinciae populi Romani (provinces of the Roman people) Dio, 53.13.1: Caesar accepted the government of the provinces assigned to him only for ten years. He promised that he would reduce them to order in that time and boastfully claimed that, if they were pacified sooner, he would hand them back sooner. Dio, 53.12.7-8: …he returned Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis to the people and took Dalmatia [i.e. Illyricum] himself instead. The same subsequently happened for other provinces…

Cicero, Pro Marcello, 23 (46 BC): But if to the chances of human life and the uncertain condition of man's health there were to be added also any conspiracy of wickedness and treachery, then what god should we think able to assist the republic, even if he were to desire to do so? All things, O Caius Caesar, which you now see lying stricken and prostrate—as it is inevitable that they should be—through the violence of war, must now be raised up again by you alone. The courts of justice must be re-established, confidence must be restored, licentiousness must be repressed, the increase of population must be encouraged, everything which has become lax and disordered must be braced up and strengthened by strict laws. Horace, Odes, 1.2 (23 BC): Our children, made fewer for their father’s vices, will hear that swords were sharpened against citizens though they are better destined for the Parthians, and of battles too. Which gods shall the people call on when the empire falls in ruins?

Propertius, 2.7.1-5: You certainly rejoiced, Cynthia, at the abrogation of the law whose promulgation made us both weep a long while, for fear it separate us; though Jupiter himself could not divide two lovers against their will. ‘Yet Caesar is mighty.’ But it is in arms that Caesar is mighty: conquering races counts for nothing in love. We shall never be divided by a wife, never by a mistress: you will always be my mistress, always my wife… See further Heyworth, S. (2007). “Propertius, Patronage and Politics”, BICS, 50, 109-119 And e.g. Moreau, P. (2003). Florent sub Caesare leges. Quelques remarques de technique législative à propos des lois matrimoniales d’Auguste, RHD, 81, 461-477 Contra Badian, E. (1985). “A Phantom Marriage Law”, Philologus, 129, 82-98

Social legislation Res Gestae, 8.5: By means of new laws brought in under my sponsorship I revived many exemplary ancestral practices which were by then dying out in our generation, and I myself handed down to later generations exemplary practices for them to imitate. 18 BC (see Suetonius, Aug. 34; Dio, 54.16; and Dio, 56.10) Lex Iulia de adulteriis Permanent court set up to try cases of adultery by married women. Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus (+ modification in AD 9 with Lex Papia Poppaea) Prohibition on intermarriage of senators (and descendents) with freedpersons; and freedborn Roman citizens forbidden to marry disreputable partners (e.g. prostitutes) Marriage and child-birth encouraged through rewards and penalties Other leges Iuliae on bribery, a law limiting luxury expenditure (sumptuary law), courts, guilds, etc. See Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1981). “Family and Inheritance in the Augustan Marriage Laws”, PCPS, 27, 58-80 A. Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1982). “The Golden Age and Sin in Augustan Ideology”, P&P, 95, 19-36

Livy, Periochae, 59: The first two plebeian censors [in 131 BC], Quintus Pompeius and Quintius Metellus, performed the lustrum ceremony. 318,823 citizens were registered, wards and widows not included. Censor Quintus Metellus suggested that everyone ought to be forced to marry to create more children. (His speech still exists, and was quoted in the Senate by the emperor Augustus as if it had recently been written, when he proposed a marriage law.) Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 85: He even read entire volumes to the senate and called the attention of the people to them by proclamations; for example, the speeches of Quintus Metellus "On Increasing the Family," and of Rutilius "On the Height of Buildings"; to convince them that he was not the first to give attention to such matters, but that they had aroused the interest even of their forefathers

Social legislation Res Gestae, 8.5: By means of new laws brought in under my sponsorship I revived many exemplary ancestral practices which were by then dying out in our generation, and I myself handed down to later generations exemplary practices for them to imitate. 18 BC (see Suetonius, Aug. 34; Dio, 54.16; and Dio, 56.10) Lex Iulia de adulteriis Permanent court set up to try cases of adultery by married women. Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus (+ modification in AD 9 with Lex Papia Poppaea) Prohibition on intermarriage of senators (and descendents) with freedpersons; and freedborn Roman citizens forbidden to marry disreputable partners (e.g. prostitutes) Marriage and child-birth encouraged through rewards and penalties Other leges Iuliae on bribery, a law limiting luxury expenditure (sumptuary law), courts, guilds, etc. See: Galinsky, K. (1996). Augustan Culture. An interpretive introduction, Princeton, 128-140 Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1981). “Family and Inheritance in the Augustan Marriage Laws”, PCPS, 27, 58-80

17 BC Ludi Saeculares : - Sherk, TDGR 6, no. 11 Horace, Carmen Saeculare Braund, Augustus to Nero, nos. 768-72 Horace, Carmen Saeculare, 17-20:...Goddess rear our children, uphold the laws our, Leaders have enacted to govern wedlock, Laws we pray may yield generations also, Fruitful in offspring... Horace, Carmen Saeculare, 53-56: Sea and land acknowledges his hand of power, By the Alban axes, the Medes [cf. Parthians] are daunted, Scyths [cf. Parthians] and Hindus, haughty not long ago, now, Seek his pronouncements.

RIC 340, 17 BC issued by moneyer M. Sanquinius Obv. AUGUST ( US ) · DIVI F ( ILIUS ) · LUDOS · SAE ( CULARES ); herald of the secular games holding caduceus (staff) and a round shield Rev. M · SANQUINIUS · III · VIR ; laureate head of the deified Julius Caesar with comet above

Horace, Odes 4.5 (published c. 13 BC):...the country yearns for its Caesar... Then the ox will wander the pastures in safety, Ceres, and kindly Increase, will nourish the crops, our sailors will sail across the waters in peace, trust will shrink from the mark of shame, the chaste house will be unstained by debauchery, law and morality conquer the taint of sin, mothers win praise for new-born so like their fathers, and punishment attend on guilt. Who’ll fear the Parthians, or the cold Scythians, and who’ll fear the offspring save Germany breeds, if Caesar’s unharmed? Who’ll worry about battles in the wilds of Iberia? Cf. Horace, Odes, 1.2 (23 BC): Our children, made fewer for their father’s vices, will hear that swords were sharpened against citizens though they are better destined for the Parthians, and of battles too. Which gods shall the people call on when the empire falls in ruins?

Ara Pacis, started 13 BC (dedicated 9 BC), relief panel: Peace-figure (or Tellus- figure?) surrounded by symbols of fertility

Ara Pacis, dedicated 9 BC: reconstructed and now in new Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome (2006)

Horace, Odes 4.5 (published c. 13 BC):...the country yearns for its Caesar... Then the ox will wander the pastures in safety, Ceres, and kindly Increase, will nourish the crops, our sailors will sail across the waters in peace, trust will shrink from the mark of shame, the chaste house will be unstained by debauchery, law and morality conquer the taint of sin, mothers win praise for new-born so like their fathers, and punishment attend on guilt. Who’ll fear the Parthians, or the cold Scythians, and who’ll fear the offspring save Germany breeds, if Caesar’s unharmed? Who’ll worry about battles in the wilds of Iberia? Cf. Horace, Odes, 1.2 (23 BC): Our children, made fewer for their father’s vices, will hear that swords were sharpened against citizens though they are better destined for the Parthians, and of battles too. Which gods shall the people call on when the empire falls in ruins?

Tacitus, Annals. 1.3: As a buttress for his domination, Augustus promoted Claudius Marcellus, his sister’s son and just a juvenile, by means of a pontificate and curule aedileship, and M. Agrippa, ignoble in status but good at soldiering and his partner in victory, by means of twin consulships, and subsequently after Marcellus’ decease took him as son-in-law. Tiberius Nero and Claudius Drusus his stepsons, he embraced with the name of “commander”, even though his own house was still then intact: for he had brought Agrippa’s progeny, Gaius and Lucius, into the family of the Caesars and, though the praetexta of boyhood was not yet put aside; despite a display of reluctance he had a burning desire that they be called Princeps of Youth and marked out as consuls. But, when Agrippa had departed from life, both L. Caesar, while traveling to the Spanish armies, and Gaius, while retiring from Armenia and weakened by a wound, were carried off by fatefully early deaths or by the guile of their stepmother Livia; and, with Drusus’ life extinguished previously, Nero [i.e. Tiberius] alone of the stepsons was left...

Succession Ia: MarcellusTac. Ann. 1.3

Dio, 53.30.5: Augustus gave him a public funeral, pronouncing the customary eulogy, and laid him to rest in the tomb [his mausoleum] which he was building [sic. perhaps error for had built?]. He honoured him with a memorial in the form of the theatre for which Caesar had laid the foundations and which was now called the Theatre of Marcellus…

“Look how Marcellus comes all glorious with the highest of trophies, a victor over-topping all other men! He shall buttress the Roman cause when a great war shakes it, shatter the Carthaginian and rebel Gaul with his cavalry, give to Quirinus the third set of arms won in single combat.” Aeneas interposed, seeing beside Marcellus a youth of fine appearance, in glittering accoutrements, but his face was far from cheerful and downcast were his eyes. “Father, who is he that walks with Marcellus there? His son? Or one of the noble line of his children’s children? How the retinue murmurs around him! How fine is the young man’s presence! Yet is his head haloed by sombre shade of night.” Then father Anchises began, tears welling up in his eyes, “My son, do not probe into the sorrows of your kin. Fate shall allow the earth one glimpse of this young man – one glimpse, no more. Too puissant had been Rome’s stock, ye Gods, in your sight, had such gifts been granted it to keep. What lamentations of men shall the Campus Martius echo to Mars’ great city! O Tiber, what obsequies you shall see one day as you glide past the new-built mausoleum! No lad of the Trojan line shall with such hopeful promise exalt his Latin forebears, nor shall the land of Romulus ever again be so proud of one she has given birth to…” Vergil, Aeneid 6. 854-877

Succession Ib: AgrippaTac. Ann. 1.3

Funeral oration of Agrippa (12 BC) [--] the tribunician power for five years in accordance with a decree of the senate was given to you when the Lent i were consuls (18 BC); and again this (power) for another five-year period was granted when the consuls were Ti(Claudius) Nero and (P.) Quin lius Varus (13 BC), your sons-in-law. And into whatever provinces the Republic of the Romans should ever summon you, it had been sanctioned in a law that your power not less that (that of) any (other magistrate) in those (provinces). Having been considered worthy of the supreme height (of power) and [becoming a colleague] in our [rule], by your own and [accomplishments you surpassed] all men. Sherk, RGE no. 99; Gray, ZPE 6 (1970), 227ff Cf. Dio 53.32.1, 54.11.1, 54.12.4-5, 54.28.1-5

Succession IIa – Tiberius & Drusus

Succession IIa: Tiberius & Drusus Death of Agrippa, March 12 BC Tib. Marries Julia, widow of Agrippa, beginning of 11 BC Parallel honours with brother Drusus, 12-9 BC Death of Drusus 9 BC Tiberius as consul II in 7 BC Tribunicia potestas and imperium (as a proconsul) in the provinces renewed, from mid-6 BC But… See: Bowersock, G.W. (1984). “Augustus and the East: the problem of succession”, In: Millar, F. and Segal, E. (eds.), Caesar Augustus. Seven Aspects, Oxford, 169-188 Levick, B.M. (1999). Tiberius the Politician 2, London, chs.4-5 Rowe, G. (2002). Princes and Political Cultures: the new Tiberian senatorial decrees, Michigan

Succession IIb

Res Gestae, 14: My sons, whom fortune snatched away from me when young men, Gaius and Lucius Caesars, the senate and the people of Rome appointed as consuls when they were fourteen years old, as a way of honouring me, on the understanding that they should enter upon the magistracy five years later; and the senate decreed that…they should take part in the councils of state. Moreover the Roman equestrians all together presented each of them with silver shields and spears and hailed each of them as leader of youth. 6 BC – proposal of cos. for Caius (Dio 55.9.2-4) 5 BC – intro of Caius to senate and Augustus consul ( XII ) to mark the occasion; designated consul (in 5 yrs); 2 BC – same honours for Lucius; and Augustus consul again ( XIII ) 1 BC – Caius given imperium (as proconsul), sent East. AD 1 – Caius consul, while in the East AD 2 – Lucius dies en route to Spain AD 4 – Caius dies in Lycia

Succession IIa – Caius and Lucius Caesar Obv. head of Augustus with laurel-wreath Rev. C ( AIUS ET ) L ( UCIUS ) CAESAR AUGUSTI F ( ILII ) CO ( N ) SULES ) DESIG ( NATI ) PRINC ( IPES ) IUUVENT ( UTIS ); heads of Gaius and Lucius holding spears and shield, togate RIC 206, Lugdunum (Lyons), 2 BC-AD 4

Posthumous honours for Gaius [4 A.D.] and Lucius Caesar [2- 3 A.D.] from Pisa (Sherk, TDGR, 6.19) Since on the 4 th day before the Nones of April, a message had been received that Gaius Caesar, son of Augustus – who is father of his country, pontifex maximus, guardian of the Roman Empire and defender of the whole world – and grandson of the deified, after the consulship which he had completed while waging successfully a war beyond the farthest administration of the state and after conquering or receiving into our protection the most warlike and the most mighty nations, had been wounded in service on behalf of the state and, in consequence of this disaster had been taken away from the Roman People by the cruelty of fate, at a time when he had been designated Leader (princeps designatus), most just and most like his father in manly excellence, and the sole defender of our colony; and since not yet had there been any rest from the grief which our entire colony had experienced at the death of Lucius Caesar, his brother, consul designate, augur, our patron, and leader of the youth (princeps iuventutis)…

Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 15.7.3: Greetings my dear Gaius, my favourite little donkey. By heaven, I always miss you when you’re away from me! But I need to see my Gaius all the more on days like today. Wherever you are I trust you’re in good spirits and well enough to celebrate my 64th birthday [September 2 AD]. As you can see, I’ve climbed above the 63rd year on the ladder of life, the critical point for all old men. And I pray to the gods that you and I may pass this time remaining in good health with the state flourishing, while you exercise your virtue and succeed to my position (statio mea). Res Gestae, 14: My sons, whom fortune snatched away from me when young men, Gaius and Lucius Caesars… Suetonius, Tib. 23: Then Augustus’ will was brought in, and he [Tiberius] had it read by a freedman [at the Senate meeting after Augustus’ death]…The will began like this: “Since bitter fortune has stolen from me my sons, Gaius and Lucius, let Tiberius be heir to two-thirds of my estate.

Succession IIIa 26 June AD 4: adoption of Tiberius and Agrippa Postumus

AD 4: Tiberius (again) given tribunician power for 10 years AD 7: Agrippa Postumus exiled to Planasia AD 8: Julia the Younger exiled (and the poet Ovid) AD 9: Tiberius victorious return to Rome from Germany (Germanicus, adopted by Tiberius in 4 AD, to be cos. in AD 12 (26 years old); Drusus, Tiberius’ son, to be consul in AD 15 (26 years old) – sound familiar? Cf. Gaius and Lucius) AD 12: Tiberius’ second triumph AD 13: Tiberius powers made equal to Augustus’ and tribunician power renewed for a further ten years AD 14 (19 th August): Augustus died at the age of 75 (*See Tacitus, Annals 1.1-15 on Tiberius’ accession)

RIC I, 221, AD 14 Obv. CAESAR AUGUSTUS DIVI F ( ILIUS ) PATER PATRIAE ; laureate head of Augustus Rev. TI ( BERIUS ) CAESAR AUG ( USTI ) F ( ILIUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) POT ( ESTAS ) XV ; Tiberius standing in triumphal quadriga, holding wreath in his right hand and eagle-topped sceptre in right hand

Republic to Empire: 50 BC to AD 50 Roman Core (CAAH) III. Principate: the Augustan revolution and dynasty

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Republic to Empire: 50 BC to AD 50 Roman Core (CAAH) III. Principate: the Augustan revolution and dynasty

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Presentation on theme: "Republic to Empire: 50 BC to AD 50 Roman Core (CAAH) III. Principate: the Augustan revolution and dynasty"— Presentation transcript:

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