2. WORLD WAR I

3. CAUSES OF THE WAR – For Europe IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM – individual ethnic groups wanting their own nations MILITARISM Tensions high; an arms race & war preparations began Pre-war alliances for protection by 1914

4. PRE-WAR ALLIANCES TRIPLE ALLIANCE GermanyGermany Austria- HungaryAustria- Hungary ItalyItaly TRIPLE ENTENTE Great Britain France Russia

5. The Spark: The Spark: June 1914 Archduke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian studentArchduke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian student

6. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

7. June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, age19, part of the Black Hand in Sarajevo Princip wanted Bosnia to be part of just Serbia and not the Austria-Hungary Empire Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, and a tangled web of alliances = Everyone was ready for an excuse to go to war!

8. After the war starts, these alliances change and become known as: CENTRAL POWERS GERMANYGERMANY AUSTRIA- HUNGARYAUSTRIA- HUNGARY ALLIES GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIA ITALY

10. EUROPE AT WAR! July 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia! Russia threatens Germany from the East & France from the West Germany attacks Belgium (France) – brings British in By 1915 all the Allies & Central Powers are at war Italy switches sides to the Allies-why?

11. The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s first strike strategy that called for a quick sweep through France knocking them out of the war so that they could concentrate on defeating Russia on the Eastern Front. To do this had to invade neutral Belgium which brings Britain in the war War tech bogs down fighting to stalemate, plan fails, Germany fights 2 front war

12. A Multi-Front War

13. America’s Official Position is: NEUTRALITY Wilson a pacifist! Wilson a pacifist! BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the ALLIES: BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the ALLIES: A common cultural background with Great Britain Historical links with FranceHistorical links with France British surpass Germans with propagandaBritish surpass Germans with propaganda

14. AMERICAN ECONOMIC NEUTRALITY, WORLD WAR I Why didn’t we trade with Central Powers? BRITISH BLOCKADE 2.3 BILLION TO ALLIES ….are we neutral?

15. German U-Boat

16. Germany sinks the British Lusitania – May 1915

18. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE Germans hit a French passenger ship next Germans hit a French passenger ship next Sunk March 1916Sunk March 1916 25 Americans dead25 Americans dead Wilson threatens to break all diplomatic relations with Germany Wilson threatens to break all diplomatic relations with Germany Germany agrees to SUSSEX PLEDGE Germany agrees to SUSSEX PLEDGE Will sink no more passenger ships without warning first

19. CAUSES OF WAR FOR U.S.: Jan. 1917 Europe refuses Wilson’s call for “peace without victory” “Unrestricted sub warfare” resumed by Germany in February Zimmerman Note – March Wilson arms merchant ships 4 U.S. ships sunk by German u-boats in March also Why would Germany risk U.S. entry into war? U.S. DECLARES WAR! April 1917 “To make the world safe for democracy” “The war to end all wars”

20. Wilson’s 14 Points Goals for the post-war world – his plan to eliminate the general causes of war Free trade Disarmament Freedom of the seas Open diplomacy (no secret agreements) Self-determination – no imperialism; countries determine for themselves their desired type of government Point #14: LEAGUE OF NATIONS – a world peacekeeping organization The “point” most important to Wilson

21. SELLING THE WAR TO AMERICA: CPI, Creel 4-Minute Men Patriotic songs – “Over There” Crusade: freedom & democracy PROPAGANDA! Negative effect?

22. ESPIONAGE & SEDITION ACTS ESPIONAGE – fines/jail for “aiding enemy” Obstructing recruiting for military SEDITION – crime to criticize U.S. gov’t, the war, uniforms, even the Red Cross or Boy Scouts! ARE SCHENCK v. U.S. – acts ARE constitutional….. but cannot be jailed unless there’s a “clear and present danger” to safety of U.S.

23. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITIES & WOMEN Wages up, but so is cost of living Women: new opportunities in both factories & farms, but short-lived MANY are opposed to war – why? Do get suffrage finally! Blacks: the “Great Migration” 500,000 move to North 1914 to 1919 Leads to brutal race riots in N (Chicago – 1917, 9 whites, 40 blacks dead) BUT, do see economic improvement In military, serve in segregated units

24. MOBILIZATION Woefully inadequate troop numbers – draft instituted ages 18-45 Woefully inadequate troop numbers – draft instituted ages 18-45 War Industries Board to direct industrial mobilization War Industries Board to direct industrial mobilization RR Administration; Fuel Administration & daylight savings time RR Administration; Fuel Administration & daylight savings time Food Administration – Hoover Food Administration – Hoover Wheatless WednesdaysWheatless Wednesdays Victory GardensVictory Gardens A major change in the relationship between gov’t and business! A major change in the relationship between gov’t and business! How did WWI aid Prohibition? How did WWI aid Prohibition?

25. MINORITIES IN THE MILITARY Blacks: Blacks: In military, serve in segregated unitsIn military, serve in segregated units NOT allowed in MarinesNOT allowed in Marines Manual labor in Army, etc.Manual labor in Army, etc. Women: Women: First war that women couldFirst war that women could serve in military No combat dutyNo combat duty

26. Navy uses Convoy System for protection

27. THE COSTS OF WAR LIBERTY BONDS/VICTORY BONDS! Most effective method “Every Scout to save a Soldier!” Raised $21 billion – 2/3 of the total cost INCOME TAXES Raised on the wealthy class (up to 75%)

28. Living Statue of Liberty U.S. Army Human Statue of Liberty at Camp Dodge, Iowa. On a stifling July day in 1918, 18,000 officers and soldiers posed as Lady Liberty on the parade [drill] grounds at Camp Dodge." According to a July 3, 1986, story in the Fort Dodge Messenger, many men fainted-they were dressed in woolen uniforms-as the temperature neared 105 degrees Fahrenheit. The photo, taken from the top of a specially constructed tower by a Chicago photography studio, Mole & Thomas, was intended to help promote the sale of war bonds but was never used."

29. FIGHTING IN FRANCE Americans primarily serve as a supporting force to Allies What’s new in WWI warfare?

30. Machine Guns …. TRENCH WARFARE!

32. NEW WEAPONS NEW WEAPONS Landship/TankBarbed Wire Maxim Machine Gun Hand Grenade Poison GasSubmarine Bi-Plane

34. Poison Gas

35. Why were American soldiers called “doughboys?” Why were American soldiers called “doughboys?” America had troops in France within 4 months of declaring war. What major effect did this have? America had troops in France within 4 months of declaring war. What major effect did this have? Russia pulled out of the war in 1917 due to the Communist Revolution Russia pulled out of the war in 1917 due to the Communist Revolution What effect did that have on the Germans? What effect did that have on the Germans? Germany could now move all its forces to the Western FrontGermany could now move all its forces to the Western Front

36. American Doughboy

37. Trench Warfare/Technology causes a Stalemate Germans get 30 miles outside Paris, Brits and French halt the advance Germans get 30 miles outside Paris, Brits and French halt the advance Each side digs in creating the Western Front, a series of trenches ~300 miles long Each side digs in creating the Western Front, a series of trenches ~300 miles long Equal in size and strength they reach a stalemate Equal in size and strength they reach a stalemate Trenches are nasty, with dead bodies and rats and bugs Trenches are nasty, with dead bodies and rats and bugs Between the trenches is No-Man’s Land, a desolate kill zone Between the trenches is No-Man’s Land, a desolate kill zone

38. Trench Foot 'My memories are of sheer terror and the horror of seeing men sobbing because they had trench foot that had turned gangrenous. They knew they were going to lose a leg. Memories of lice in your clothing driving you crazy. Filth and lack of privacy. And cold deep wet mud everywhere. And of course, corpses. I'd never seen a dead body before I went to war. But in the trenches the dead are lying all around you.' Arthur Savage 'My memories are of sheer terror and the horror of seeing men sobbing because they had trench foot that had turned gangrenous. They knew they were going to lose a leg. Memories of lice in your clothing driving you crazy. Filth and lack of privacy. And cold deep wet mud everywhere. And of course, corpses. I'd never seen a dead body before I went to war. But in the trenches the dead are lying all around you.' Arthur Savage Animated map of trench Animated map of trench warfare An infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches men stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. Trench foot was a particular problem in the early stages of the war. For example, during the winter of 1914- 15 over 20,000 men in the British Army were treated for trench foot.

39. SIGNIFICANT AMERICAN ENGAGEMENTS Chateau-Thierry Germans 40 mi. from Paris 1 st major U.S. engagement Second Battle of the Marne Turning point – beginning of German withdrawal St. Mihiel 4,153 American lives Push Germans out of key position Meuse-Argonne offensive Gen. John “Blackjack” Pershing Major engagement as separate army Cut German RR lines 47 days – 1.2 million Americans involved St. Mihiel

40. CHER AMI CARRIER PIGEON Heroic carrier pigeon who saved the American “Lost Battalion” in the German forests Came home to a full hero’s welcome & tour Stuffed & placed in Smithsonian Museum HEROES OF WWI:

41. Transporting Carrier Pigeons Placing Messages In the Leg Capsules

42. SGT. ALVIN C. YORK The “Hillbilly Hero” Sharpshooter from Tennessee Sharpshooter from Tennessee Almost single- handedly captured 132 German soldiers using his turkey- shooting expertise Almost single- handedly captured 132 German soldiers using his turkey- shooting expertise Received Congressional Medal of Honor Received Congressional Medal of Honor

43. CAPTAIN EDDIE RICKENBACKER The “Ace of Aces” Professional race car driver Became General Pershing’s personal chauffeur Then became the top U.S. pilot in WWI shot down 26 planes in less than 7 months Also serves in WWII

44. Sergeant Stubby (1916 or 1917 – April 4, 1926), was the most decorated war dog of World War I and the only dog to be promoted to sergeant through combat. America's first war dog, Stubby, served 18 months 'over there' and participated in seventeen battles on the Western Front. He saved his regiment from surprise mustard gas attacks, found and comforted the wounded, and even once caught a German spy by the seat of his pants (holding him there til American Soldiers found him).

45. ARMISTICE DAY Germans had approached Wilson regarding surrender Germans had approached Wilson regarding surrender Required Kaiser to be deposedRequired Kaiser to be deposed Germans surrendered at the 11 th hour, 11 th day, 11 th month of 1918Germans surrendered at the 11 th hour, 11 th day, 11 th month of 1918 Now Veteran’s Day Now Veteran’s Day Major contributions of America? Major contributions of America? FoodstuffsFoodstuffs Oil; MunitionsOil; Munitions NOT battlefield victories ManpowerNOT battlefield victories Manpower BUT, prospect of endless flow of U.S. troops demoralized Germans BUT, prospect of endless flow of U.S. troops demoralized Germans

46. Political Blunders that doomed the 14 Points: WILSON went to Paris for the peace conference WILSON went to Paris for the peace conference Republicans were excluded from the Senate peace conference delegation Republicans were excluded from the Senate peace conference delegation When seeking Senate approval of the Treaty, Wilson refuses to compromise When seeking Senate approval of the Treaty, Wilson refuses to compromise

47. THE BIG FOUR: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George French Premier Georges Clemenceau U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando His blunders in the peace delegation?

48. TREATY OF VERSAILLES

49. TREATY NEGOTIATIONS Problems Allies had with terms: Wanted to establish guilt and get reparations from Germany Wanted the spoils of War – LAND! Ignore open diplomacy, free seas, national self-determination Ignored Wilson’s goals of justice and international harmony What happens at home to weaken Wilson’s bargaining position? During the peace conference, opposition in the Senate is made public…weakens Wilson’s hand at the bargaining table

50. PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY: GERMANY: Stripped of all its colonies Loses land in Europe reparationsOrdered to pay reparations to the Allies Treaty resented by Germany AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IS SPLIT LEAGUE OF NATIONS is established & all signers become members “Self-determination” freed millions of minorities from outside rule

53. TREATY FAILS IN THE U.S.: U.S. SENATE – led by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (39 “Reservationists”) refuses to ratify Does not want to join the LEAGUE OF NATIONS – wants to preserve U.S. sovereignty over foreign affairs Wilson will NOT compromise IRRECONCILIABLES (12) won’t ratify it at all.. No compromise ISOLATIONISTS oppose the “entangling alliances” Wilson goes to the people for approval Suffers a stroke in 1919 just 6 days into tour Wife Edith acts as “President” Treaty, with 14 Lodge Reservations, is defeated Democrats voted against it once “reservations” adopted

54. The Somme American Cemetery, France Costs of War for the U.S.: 116,516 Americans $33 billion Costs of War for the U.S.: 116,516 Americans $33 billion

55. World War I Casualties

56. THE BIGGEST KILLER: Influenza outbreak, 1918-1919 Influenza outbreak, 1918-1919 Killed more than 20 million worldwideKilled more than 20 million worldwide Over 500,000 in U.S.Over 500,000 in U.S. Hit hardest ages between 15 & 30 & probably began in an army barracks in KansasHit hardest ages between 15 & 30 & probably began in an army barracks in Kansas

58. Washington, D.C., 1919. "Walter Reed Hospital flu ward." One of the very few images in Washington-area photo archives documenting the influenza contagion of 1918- 1919, which killed over 500,000 Americans and tens of millions around the globe. Most victims succumbed to bacterial pneumonia following influenza virus infection.

59. Impact of WWI on U.S. Government excess & threats to the civil liberties of Americans Red Scare, Labor strikes Palmer Raids FBI formed Organized economy Women’s right to vote, 19 th Amendment Return to isolationism Prohibition, 18 th Am. Opportunities for minorities (Great Migration) BUT, racial problems in North Rise in KKK numbers

61. AMERICA’S POSTWAR PROBLEMS: ECONOMIC: ECONOMIC: INFLATION! INFLATION! Government spending during WWI had nearly doubled the cost of livingGovernment spending during WWI had nearly doubled the cost of living Prices rose so much that consumers could not afford new itemsPrices rose so much that consumers could not afford new items Farmers especially hard- hitFarmers especially hard- hit Economic Demobilization Economic Demobilization

62. LABOR UNREST: HIGH PRICES contributed to labor unrest HIGH PRICES contributed to labor unrest Many strikes: Many strikes: Seattle General, 1919Seattle General, 1919 BOSTON POLICE FORCEBOSTON POLICE FORCE Calvin Coolidge, Governor Calvin Coolidge, Governor STEELWORKERS, RRsSTEELWORKERS, RRs COAL MINERSCOAL MINERS Strikers linked to “Reds”Strikers linked to “Reds” Declining union membership Declining union membership

63. Labor cartoon, Selverstone

64. THE RED SCARE! Resulted from: Resulted from: American fear of Communist Revolution in USSRAmerican fear of Communist Revolution in USSR Labor unrestLabor unrest Distrust of immigrantsDistrust of immigrants Fear that Communist leaders & labor unions planning a revolution Fear that Communist leaders & labor unions planning a revolution Mitchell Palmer – “The Fighting Quaker” Mitchell Palmer – “The Fighting Quaker” Palmer Raids - even suspected Communists (“pinks”) were deportedPalmer Raids - even suspected Communists (“pinks”) were deported FBI formedFBI formed

65. RACIAL ISSUES: ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTH! ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTH! Great MigrationGreat Migration Riots like Chicago 1919Riots like Chicago 1919 58 killed, 587 injured, 1000s homeless 58 killed, 587 injured, 1000s homeless Birth of a Nation, 1915 Birth of a Nation, 1915 Pro-Klan moviePro-Klan movie “New KKK” “New KKK” Spread from S & became a national forceSpread from S & became a national force Anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-foreignersAnti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-foreigners 5 million by mid-20s5 million by mid-20s