1.  What is popular culture? Q1

2.  Refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve mass produced standardized short-lived products of no lasting value

3.  What are the four different types of identity? Q2

4.  What is a stigmatised identity? Q3

5.  Refers to an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and excludes people from full acceptance in society

6.  What is secondary socialisation? Q4

7.  Refers to the socialisation which takes place outside the family and occurs instead in schools, media, friends and religious institutions

8.  Identify the 5 distinct areas of secondary socialisation Q5

9.  The education system  Peer group  Workplace  The mass media  Religious institutions

10.  What does Jenkins (1996) argue about the socialisation and the social construction of self and identity? Q6

11.  Jenkins argues that identities are formed in the socialisation process

12.  How does Mead see the identities of individuals? Q7

13.  Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux. This is because they are changing and developing all the time as they go through daily life.

14.  Identify one criticism of structural approaches and one criticism of social action approaches Q8

15.  Criticisms of structural approaches fail to recognise: free will; choice; challenges; disobedience  Criticisms of social action approaches include: not enough emphasis is placed on power inequalities; power of social institutions; social etiquette; need to work/earn money;

16.  What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’? Q9

17.  Habitus is the cultural possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, which influences their cultural choices and tastes

18.  What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital? Q10

19.  Cultural capital is the education, knowledge, language, attitudes and values possessed by the upper and upper middle-class

20.  Identify one key aspect of the new working-class Q11

21.  Home-centred lifestyle, with no involvement with neighbours and wider community  Work is for making money not friends or identity  No loyalty to their class  Women more likely to be in paid employment

22.  What type of approach is Cooley’s?  What did he mean by the concept of ‘looking-glass self’?  1 mark for each point Q12

23.  Social action approach  The ‘looking-glass self’ is the idea that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us (like a mirror) in the view of others Answer

24.  What term did Bourdieu come up with when referring to the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised, initially by their families and which ultimately influence their cultural tastes and choices?  2 marks Question 13

25.  Habitus Answer

26. Future time orientation and deferred gratification are two ideas which separate the middle-class from the working-class. 1.What are future time orientation and deferred gratification? 2.Which of the two social-class identified in the question have the above? Question 14

27.  Planning for the future  Putting off today’s pleasures for tomorrow’s gains  Middle-class Answer

28.  Which social-class has the following: 1.Men are seen as breadwinners, women mainly housewives 2.Getting a job with a skill and earning money, far more important than education and qualifications 3.A strong commitment to old Labour Party Question 15

29.  Traditional working class Answer

30.  Define gender identity and provide one example Question 16

31.  Refers to how people see themselves and how others see them in terms of their gender roles and biological sex Answer

32.  In relation to gender and identity what did Mead (2001) uncover? Question 17

33.  She found from studying tribe in New Guinea that masculine and feminine characteristics are not based on biological differences but are a reflection of cultural conditioning within different societies. Therefore these differences are seen to be socially constructed. Answer

34.  What did Connell (1995) mean by the term ‘hegemonic identity’? Question 18

35.  Hegemonic identity is one that is so dominant that it makes if difficult for individuals to assert different identities Answer

36.  What does the statement ‘the social construction of hegemonic gender identities through primary socialization Question 19

37.  This means parents and relatives tend to hold stereotyped views of typical characteristics of boys and girls which are used as norms when socialising their children Answer

38.  While keeping the last question and answer in mind, what are the four process Oakley identified are evident during primary socialisation? Question 20

39.  Manipulation  Canalization  Verbal appellations  Differential activity exposure Answer

40.  What do you understand by the term new man? Question 21

41.  Is a man who is seen to be more caring, sharing, gentle, emotional etc

42.  What is diaspora? Q22

43.  Diaspora is the dispersal of an ethnic population from its original homeland and its spreading out across the world while retaining cultural ties to the nation of origin

44.  What is a hybrid identity? Q23

45.  A hybrid identity is a new identity formed from a mix of two or more other identities

46. What is ethnocentrism? Q24

47.  Ethnocentrism is a view of the world in which other cultures are seen through the eyes of one’s own culture

48.  What is nationality? Q25

49.  More to follow……