CSE 102 Introduction to Computer Engineering Central Processing Unit

Classes of Computers Supercomputer$5-20 million Mainframe$0.5-4 million Server$ thousand PC/Workstation$1-10 thousand Game console$300-$1000 Embedded device$1-$100 Future disposable1-100 cents

Building Computer Chips Complex multi-step process –Slice ingots into wafers –Process wafers into patterned wafers –Dice patterned wafers into dies –Test dies, select good dies –Bond to package –Test parts –Ship to customers and make money

Building Computer Chips

Microprocessors and Memory Microprocessor Performance Factors: What makes one microprocessor perform better than another? CPU speed is influenced by several factors: –clock speed – Megahertz, Gigahertz –word size 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit word sizes –Cache – Level 1, Level 2 caches –instruction set size

Performance vs. Design Time Time to market is critically important E.g., a new design may take 3 years –It will be 3 times faster –But if technology improves 50%/year –In 3 years = 3.38 –So the new design is worse! (unless it also employs new technology)

Moore’s Law Considering the rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost will double in about 24 months (18-24).

Input Devices Processing Data into Information Output Devices Secondary Storage Devices Central Processing Unit Computer System Components Keyboard Mouse Touch Screen Voice... Monitor Printer Disks, Tapes, Optical Disks

CPU (Central Processing Unit) The CPU executes computer instructions Popular CPU’s: Intel-Pentium, AMD, Power PC It is on a chip called the microprocessor System clock –Megahertz Has three parts: 1.Control Unit 2.ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) 3.Registers

How Computers Work CD on CPU simulation Fetch the Instruction Interpret the Instruction Prepare Circuitry to Execute Instruction Manipulate the Data Store the Result Fetch the Data The Instruction CycleThe Execution Cycle 1. Fetch 2. Decode 3. Execute 4. Store

Code Translation (C to Assembly Language) #include int main( ) { int a=10; int b=20; int c; c=a+b*2; return 0; } MOVR1, #10 MOVR2, #20 MOVR3, #2 MULR4, R2, R3 ADDR5, R1, R4 BREAK

Code Translation (C to Machine Code) #include int main( ) { int a=10; int b=20; int c; c=a+b*2; return 0; } MOVR1, #10 MOVR2, #20 MOVR3, #2 MULR4, R2, R3 ADDR5, R1, R4 BREAK Adress Data ============== A A 0000 MEMORY

CPU Control Unit Adress Data ============== A A 0000 MEMORY Fetch from PC 110A DECODE 0001 Opcode MOV 0001 Register 0110 Data Data2 CPU PC = 1000Program Counter

Registers and MOV operation A MOV CPU PC = 1000 REGISTERSDATA R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R = 10 in decimal

Registers and MOV operation MOV CPU PC = 1002 REGISTERSDATA R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R = 20 in decimal

Registers and MOV operation MOV CPU PC = 1004 REGISTERSDATA R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R = 2 in decimal

Registers and MUL operation MUL CPU PC = 1004 REGISTERSDATA R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R Mul ALU =

Registers and ADD operation ADD CPU PC = 1006 REGISTERSDATA R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R Add ALU =