1. Computer Architecture
Memory, Math and Logic

2. Basic Building Blocks
Seen:
Memory
Logic & Math

3. Computer Parts
Things that go into a computer:

4. Simplified Parts
Logical structure of parts:

5. Simplified Parts
Logical structure of parts:

6. Simplified Parts
Logical structure of parts:
CPU
Memory
Input
Output

7. Higher Level Architecture
CPU
Central Processing Unit
Memory
Programs and Data
Input & Output
Keyboards, Mice, Screens Printers, Networks, etc…
CPU
Input & Output
Memory

8. CPU Busses Memory Busses Separate busses for different signals
Groups of wires that carry a signal
1 wire for each bit
Separate busses for different signals
Input & Output
Memory

9. Memory
Memory
Collection of bytes
Access byte by address

10. Memory Memory Collection of bytes Access byte by address
Meaning defined by program
Byte 0x00 could be: 74 J
Red part of a 24-bit color 0x00-0x02
Part of a 64-bit floating point 0x00-0x07

11. Memory Hierarchy
Memory is
Too slow
Too small
Temporary

12. Memory Hierarchy
Main Memory : medium speed/capacity
RAM

13. Memory Hierarchy On processor: Small, Ultra Fast memory Registers
Cache

14. Memory Hierarchy Secondary Memory : slower, larger, permanent storage
Hard drives / Flash drives / CD Drives

15. Using the Hierarchy
Program’s trip through memory levels:

16. Inside the CPU
Registers
ALU CU
Input & Output
Memory

17. Registers Registers Examples: Special purpose memory in CPU
PC : Program Counter What memory address has next instruction
IR : Instruction Register What instruction we are working on
ACC : Accumulator Result of what we just did

18. ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Can: Add/Subtract Compare values Do Logic
< > =
Do Logic
NOT, OR, AND,…

19. CU
Control Unit
Decoder : reads instructions from IR, sends control signals to control ALU, memory
Clock : synchronizes operations across computer

20. Machine Code Machine Code : Instruction stored as binary
Bits to represent
operation to perform (opcode)
value to use (operand)

21. Sample Code 0010000010 0010000101 0100001101 0110001101 Machine code
Function
Load the value 2 into the Accumulator
Load the value 5 into the Accumulator
Store the value of the Accumulator in memory location 13
Add the value of memory location 13 to the Accumulator

22. Fetch-Decode-Execute