 First hand evidence 1. Personal experience (sports, technology, theater, education, etc) 2. Anecdotes 3. Knowledge of current events  Second hand evidence 1. Research, knowledge of history 2. Expert opinion 3. Data: surveys, polls, census information

 appeals to ethos  adds a human element  Works best if writer can speak as an insider  Makes an abstract issue more human  Interests readers, draws them in However,  Cannot stand alone; you will need more than just your perspective

 Includes stories about other people that you have observed or been told about  Appeals to pathos

 Stay aware of what is going on in the world, locally, nationally, internationally  Be aware of possible bias of reader (ex: English teachers are AP readers, do not alienate them by criticizing today’s educators; readers may be tied philosophically to a political party )

 Verifiable facts that a writer knows from research  Often used to develop a point of comparison or contrast to a more contemporary situation

 Teacher opinion, education  Parent opinion, childrearing

 Data, stats, surveys, polls, census information  Need not be all percentages

1. Intro ---introduces reader to subject under discussion 2. Narration —  provides factual information and background on the subject at hand, beginning the development paragraphs  Or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing 3. Confirmation--- major part of text; includes development or proof needed to prove the case

4. Refutation--- addresses the counterargument, bridge between writers’ proof and conclusion However, if opposing views are well known or valued by the reader, address them before addressing your own argument. 5. Conclusion—appeals to pathos  Reminds reader of ethos established earlier  Brings all writers ideas together and answers question “So what?”