Constraints ONSET-syllables have an onset ONSET-syllables have an onset NO CODA-syllables have not coda NO CODA-syllables have not coda FAITH-same phones in input and output (no deletion or epenthsis) FAITH-same phones in input and output (no deletion or epenthsis)

OT and syllable typology Some languages allow onsets and codas, or neither, and don't epenthesize or delete (English) Some languages allow onsets and codas, or neither, and don't epenthesize or delete (English) CV, VC, CVC, V CV, VC, CVC, V How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in English? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in English?

OT and syllable typology Some languages allow onsets and codas, or neither and don't epenthesize or delete (English) Some languages allow onsets and codas, or neither and don't epenthesize or delete (English) CV, VC, CVC, V CV, VC, CVC, V How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in English? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in English? FAITH >> NO CODA >> ONSET FAITH >> NO CODA >> ONSET V, CV permitted V, CV permitted FAITH >> ONSET >> NO CODA FAITH >> ONSET >> NO CODA CV, CVC permitted CV, CVC permitted

OT and syllable typology Some languages must have an onset and can hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or delete (Arabic) Some languages must have an onset and can hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or delete (Arabic) CV, CVC, *V, *VC CV, CVC, *V, *VC How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Arabic? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Arabic?

OT and syllable typology Some languages must have an onset and can hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or delete (Arabic) Some languages must have an onset and can hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or delete (Arabic) CV, CVC, *V, *VC CV, CVC, *V, *VC How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Arabic? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Arabic? ONSET >> FAITH >> NO CODA ONSET >> FAITH >> NO CODA CV, CVC allowed, *V, *VC CV, CVC allowed, *V, *VC

OT and syllable typology Some languages only allow CV, and they don't epenthesize or delete (Senufo) Some languages only allow CV, and they don't epenthesize or delete (Senufo) CV, *CVC, *V, *VC CV, *CVC, *V, *VC How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Senufo? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Senufo?

OT and syllable typology Some languages only allow CV, and they don't epenthesize or delete (Senufo) Some languages only allow CV, and they don't epenthesize or delete (Senufo) CV, *CVC, *V, *VC CV, *CVC, *V, *VC How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Senufo? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Senufo? ONSET >> NO CODA >> FAITH ONSET >> NO CODA >> FAITH CV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VC CV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VC NO CODA >> ONSET >> FAITH NO CODA >> ONSET >> FAITH CV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VC CV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VC

OT and syllable typology Some languages allow onsets no codas, and epenthesize input (Hawaiian) Some languages allow onsets no codas, and epenthesize input (Hawaiian) CV, V CV, V Merry Christmas > Mele Kalikimaka Merry Christmas > Mele Kalikimaka How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Hawaiian? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Hawaiian?

OT and syllable typology Some languages allow onsets no codas, and epenthesize input (Hawaiian) Some languages allow onsets no codas, and epenthesize input (Hawaiian) CV, V, *VC, *VCV CV, V, *VC, *VCV Merry Christmas > Mele Kalikimaka Merry Christmas > Mele Kalikimaka How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Hawaiian? How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Hawaiian? NO CODA >> FAITH >> ONSET NO CODA >> FAITH >> ONSET

OT and syllable typology No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVC No language only allows VC, CVC

OT and syllable typology No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVC No language only allows VC, CVC What constraint ranking allows this? What constraint ranking allows this?

OT and syllable typology No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVC No language only allows VC, CVC What constraint ranking allows this? What constraint ranking allows this? There are six possible rankings There are six possible rankings

OT and syllable typology No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVC No language only allows VC, CVC What constraint ranking allows this? What constraint ranking allows this? There are six possible rankings There are six possible rankings No ranking predicts this No ranking predicts this This is because the constraints are inborn and rankings are language specific This is because the constraints are inborn and rankings are language specific Evidence that these constraints are “real” Evidence that these constraints are “real”

OT and morphology Tagalog has an affix um Tagalog has an affix um aral um-aralteach aral um-aralteach sulats-um-ulatwrite sulats-um-ulatwrite gradwetgr-um-adwetgraduate gradwetgr-um-adwetgraduate NO CODA NO CODA PREFIX (L um) Um goes on the Left edge of the word PREFIX (L um) Um goes on the Left edge of the word NO CODA >> PREFIX (L um) NO CODA >> PREFIX (L um)

OT and morphology

ONSET ONSET PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is places on the left edge of a word PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is places on the left edge of a word

OT and morphology ONSET ONSET PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is places on the left edge of a word PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is places on the left edge of a word

OT and phonology What is the phonological process here? What is the phonological process here? What are the input stem morphemes? What are the input stem morphemes?

OT and phonology What is the phonological process here? What is the phonological process here? – voicing What are the input stem morphemes? What are the input stem morphemes? – tu:b-, tog-, ra:k-, hi:p-

OT and phonology SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing What is the ranking (which is violated?) What is the ranking (which is violated?)

OT and phonology SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing What is the ranking (which is violated?) What is the ranking (which is violated?) – SHARE >> INDENT

OT and phonology SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing hi:p-d ʒ i SHAREIDENT hi:p-d ʒ i *! > hi:b-d ʒ i * tu:b-tanSHAREIDENT > tu:p-tan* tu:b-tan*!

OT and phonology SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing hi:p-d ʒ i SHAREIDENT hi:p-d ʒ i > hi:b-d ʒ i tu:b-tanSHAREIDENT > tu:p-tan* tu:b-tan*!

OT and phonology SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing SHARE (voi)Adjacent morphemes must have same voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicing hi:p-d ʒ i SHAREIDENT hi:p-d ʒ i *! > hi:b-d ʒ i * tu:b-tanSHAREIDENT > tu:p-tan* tu:b-tan*!

German Devoicing IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same voicing IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same voicing *[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed word finally *[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed word finally Fill out table: Fill out table: tu:gend tu:gent du:gent tu:gend du:gend

German Devoicing IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same voicing IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same voicing *[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed word finally *[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed word finally Fill out table: Fill out table: tu:gend*[+voiced]#IDENT (voi) tu:gent* du:gent**! tu:gend*! du:gend*!*

Constraints Can you make up anything as a constraint? Can you make up anything as a constraint? – They are supposed to be phonetically based – They are supposed to be universal Example: word final devoicing Example: word final devoicing – Occurs in many unrelated languages – Occurs in acquisition of many languages that don't devoice

Constraints Kids apply processes to language Kids apply processes to language – Coda deletion Book > [pa] Book > [pa] – Epenthesis Moon > [mənə] Moon > [mənə] – Cluster simplification Block > [bak] Block > [bak]

Constraints Kids apply processes to language Kids apply processes to language – Coda deletion Book > [pa] Book > [pa] – Epenthesis Moon > [mənə] Moon > [mənə] – Cluster simplification Block > [bak] Block > [bak] All of them have same output: Make CV syllables (NO CODA) All of them have same output: Make CV syllables (NO CODA)

English Plurals Three allomorphs: Three allomorphs: – -s, -z, - ɨ z – cat[s], dog[z], bush[ ɨ z]

English Plurals Three allomorphs: Three allomorphs: – -s, -z, - ɨ z – cat[s], dog[z], bush[ ɨ z] Rule approach Rule approach – Voicing assimilation – Epenthesis of ɨ after stridents like [ ʃ, s, ʤ ]

English Plurals URcat[z]dog[z]bush[z] URcat[z]dog[z]bush[z] Epenthesis––bush[ ɨ z] Epenthesis––bush[ ɨ z] Assimilationcat[s]–-- Assimilationcat[s]–--

English Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing

English Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing What is the ranking? What is the ranking?

English Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing bush[z] bush[s] bush[ ɨ z] cat[z] cat[s] cat[ ɨ z]

English Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi) SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi) bush[z] SHARE (voi)*[+strident][+st rident] FAITHVFAITH(voi) bush[z] bush[s] bush[ ɨ z] cat[z] cat[s] cat[ ɨ z]

English Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical FAITHV:Vowels in input and output must be identical *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi) SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi) bush[z] SHARE (voi)*[+strident][+st rident] FAITHVFAITH(voi) bush[z]*!* bush[s]*!* >bush[ ɨ z] * cat[z] *! >cat[s]* cat[ ɨ z] *!