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7.5 Framework for Investigating the causes of Language Change(P:194) Revise from last Presented by Weinreich1968: About why/ how linguistics change happens. By asking numbers of questions called (problems) These questions or problems should be answered or solved by theory.

These problems as: 1. Constraints problem (chains) قيود 2. The Transition Problem(shift) انتقال / تحول 3. The embedding problem( تضمين ) inclusion 4.Evaluation Problem 5.The Actuation ( implementation

Now: Sociolinguistics & L. change P: 195 Q)How change in a language begins? Ans)By (variation) or saying same thing in alternative (different way) Therefore: This variation(or linguistic changes)is the subject of sociolinguistics. beside

Sociolinguistics is also : Trying to understand (HOW) and (WHY) language change Try to answer the framework’s questions of Weineirich et. Al.(in the last boxes) Trying to deal with semantics co- variation of linguistics structure with social structure Especially with the variation in L in wc conditioned by social differences

The important dimension of condition variation (difference) related to : 1- social attitude of sender(speaker) and receiver (listener). 2- the setting (context). These conditions are social characteristic of the speaker. What are the social characteristics of the speaker that responsible of language variations??

These are: Age Sex Social status Religion Occupation Self identification+ location.

e.g. of language variation: Grammar of classical Nahuad that when Aztec man pronounced(w)>>>> women spoke the same word pronounced(v) So the linguistic variation caused by the sex of the speaker. Although Azetic had (w) in.the word(P:196)

Types of Sociolinguistic investigation of Change 1.Apparent time studies: دراسات ازمان ظاهرية invisible( age) It done to investigate the variation in specific point of time. About the relation bw change and age. They reached at that: the variant( تغيير ) most characteristic of older speakers’ speech. That differ from younger speakers. Compare both you can know what is change. The age show that change in progress.

2. A real time studies(sex) دراسات ازمان حقيقية It compare sample of L from different time. Some time from 50 years ago compare with examples from speech of now aday. (Labv 1994) Example: Investigation in Urban setting as in following table:

Urban setting 1.Linguistics change in intermediate social class(lower middle class)(not highest or lowest class 4. Women lead most linguistic change. 2. The innovators of change are usually people with the highest social status, who play a central role in the speech community 5, diff ethnic groups who newly enter speech community, participate in change in progress when they get local rights or privilege in: a job and housing and access to acceptance 3. Those innovators have highest density(No.)of social interaction with their communication net words have highest contact outside neighborhood -But these claims undergone refining. -Linguistic change is not found solely but a conscious change by speaker for -Social purposes