Introduction to Earth Science

Objectives 1.) Identify the differences between observations and inferences 2.) Measure length, volume, mass, temperature and time components 3.) Convert metric units 4.) Convert numbers into scientific notation 5.) Construct and interpret line, bar and pie graphs 6.) Calculate density, rate of change and percent error

What is Earth Science Earth Science: Geology: Meteorology: Astronomy: The study of earth and its position in the universe The study of rocks and plate tectonics The study of weather and climate The study of the universe

Observation and Inference Observation:Perception of the environment using your senses Inference:Interpretation of an observation Examples:While crossing the street I hear a horn, I infer that there is a car coming. If Mr. Forrest is smiling than Mr. Forrest must be in a good mood. Classification:Grouping based on characteristics

Metric Units Length: Mass: Volume: Time: Temperature: m; meter g; gram l; liter or cm 3 Min., sec., hrs. Fahrenheit F o Celsius C o Kelvin K o

Temperature Conversions Celsius to Kelvin: Kelvin to Celsius: Celsius temp o Kelvin temp. – 273 o Celsius to Fahrenheit:[°C] × 9⁄ Fahrenheit to Celsius:Use Page 13 in Your ESRT

Common Metric Prefixes milli: centi: deci: Deka: Hecta: kilo: One thousand 1,000 One hundred 100 Ten 10 One tenth 1/10 One hundredth 1/100 One thousandth 1/1000 king Henry Died unexpectedly drinking chocolate milk 1000m= ________km 500Dg=_________Hg

Scientific Notation A number written in the form of Mx10 n M = # between 1 and 10 and n is an exponent 1,000 =75,000,000= 48= =.078= = 1.0x x x x x

Calculating Density Density: Mass: Volume: Volume Formula: Mass per unit of Volume Amount of Matter in Something Amount of Space Something Takes up Length x Width x Height This will Help!!! Mountains____ Deserts x Valleys

FORMULA Mountains _______________________________ DesertsValleys Density = Mass/Volume Mass = Density x Volume Volume = Mass/ Density 1.) A block of wood 3 cm on each side has a mass of 27 g. What is the density of the block? (Hint, don’t forget to find the volume of the wood.) 2.) An irregularly shaped stone was lowered into a graduated cylinder holding a volume of water equal to 2 ml. The height of the water rose to 7 ml. If the mass of the stone was 25 g, what was its density?

% Deviation (% error) The numerical amount, expressed as a percent, that a measurement differs from a standard or accepted value. 1.) I thought 70 people would turn up to the concert, but in fact 80 did! Practice: 2.) The report said the carpark held 240 cars, but we counted only 200 parking spaces.

Changes in Density Does mass change with temp. or pressure? Temp:NoPressure:No Does volume change with temp. or pressure? Temp:Pressure:Yes Volume is inversely proportional to Density!! If the volume goes up : If the volume goes down : Density goes down Density goes up

States of Matter Solid: Liquid: Gas: Particles are locked together but vibrate Particles are in constant contact but slide past one another Gas particles move freely

Water is Most Dense at 4 o c

Types of Graphs Line Graph:Used to show trends (generally over time) X-Axis:The independent variable (generally time) Y-Axis:The dependent variable (what is being measured)

Four types of line graphs to Know!!! Direct: Cyclic:Static: Inverse:Both values increaseX goes up Y goes down Variables don’t affect each other Pattern repeats in predictable manner

Bar Graph Bar:Primarily used for counting Pie:Used to show percentages

Calculating Rate of Change Rate of Change : Change in field value Time