1. PROLOGUE:
OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT

2. UNIT 1 – TEST REVIEW All formulas are on page 1 of the ESRT
Rate of Change
Density
All number answers must have a unit
eg. 500 m/sec NOT 500
All number answers are rounded to the nearest tenth (example: 0.1g)

3. Observation vs. Inference
Observation – use of one or more of your five senses (taste, touch, hear, see, smell) Eg.: The rock is round and heavy.
*If the characteristic is measurable (heavy), it is considered to be an observation.
Inference – an educated guess about an observation. Eg. The rock is old.

4. Prediction
Prediction – an inference based on an observation that may indicate what will happen in the future.
Eg.: A meteorologist makes a prediction of the next day’s weather (a weather forecast). A weather forecast is a prediction of weather that will happen in the future.

5. Classification
Grouping of similar objects or events based on similar observable properties.

6. Classification
Grouping of similar objects or events based on similar observable properties.
Solids
Liquids
Gases

7. Interface
The boundary between regions having different properties.

8. Graphs – 4 types Direct: both variables increase
Indirect: independent variable increases, dependent variable decreases
Cyclic: dependent variable (vertical axis)
increases, then decreases in a repeated pattern
Static: dependent variable remains the same – no change

9. Measurement 3 basic units of measurement: meter (length) m
liter (liquid volume) l
gram (weight / mass) g

10. Mass vs. Weight
Mass and weight are NOT the same thing. They are two different concepts, but are related to each other. Here’s how…
mass (a measure of the amount of molecules contained in an object) – grams.
weight (a measure of the pull of gravity
on an object) – kilograms.

11. Scientific Notation – Exponents
Very small or very large numbers are expressed in scientific notation form to make it easier to read. M x 10n
M is any number between 1 and 10
Example: 27,508 = x 104
Negative exponents indicate a value less than 1 (eg = 8.75 x 10-3)
Positive exponents indicate a value greater than 1 (eg = 2.5 x 103)

12. Metric Conversion To convert to a larger unit, kilo 1000.
move the decimal to the left hecto 100.
deka
meter liter gram
deci
To convert to a smaller unit, centi
move the decimal to the right milli

13. Metric Conversion – how to do it!
To convert to a larger unit, move the decimal to the left. 
To convert to a smaller unit, move the decimal to the right. 
milli – centi – deci – 1.0 – deka – hecto – kilo
smaller units larger units
Example: 1.0 m = cm = mm
Convert 2000 cm to _____km? _____

14. Metric Conversion – Practice!
3.5 x 10-3 = __________
a b c d. 3500
805,000 = ___________
a. 8 x 105 b. 8 x 106 c x 105
142,800 km = ____________
29.5 years = __________
4.6 billion years ago = ___________
5900 million km = _____________

15. Rate of Change = change in value
Equation – ESRT, pg. 1
Rate of Change – How long it takes for a given change to occur (measurable value).
Rate of Change = change in value
time
Eg.: The rate of change of the hot water in the beaker decreased after two hours.

16. Equation - ESRT, pg. 1 Rate of Change
Rate of change = change in field value
time
Example: 200 ft. – 100 ft. = 20 ft./min.
5 min.

17. Equation – ESRT, pg. 1
Density – The relationship between between the mass and volume of a substance
Density of a substance = mass (g)
volume (cm3)
The density of an object remains the same, unless heat or pressure are applied. Heat (temperature) decreases density. Pressure increases density. Size or shape do not change the density.

18. Equation – ESRT, pg. 1 Density Density of a substance = mass (g)
volume (cm3)
Example: 50g = 25g/cm3
2cm3

19. Liquid Density
In a graduated cylinder, the most dense substance (greatest density) is on the bottom, and the least dense (least dense) substance is on the top.
least dense
most dense

20. Water Displacement
50ml
55ml