1. Measurement

2. Part 1: Interpreting Measurements

3. Types of Data Science relies on collecting and analyzing data.
Two main types of data:
Qualitative data – can be observed but not measured
Examples: colors, textures, smells
Called qualitative because it describes the quality of something

4. Types of Data
Quantitative data – can be measured and expressed in numbers.
Examples: length, speed, time, temperature
Called quantitative data because it measures the quantity of something

5. The SI system
Quantitative data is measured using the International System of Measurement (SI)
Also known as the metric system
Benefits:
Based on units of 10 (makes multiplying and dividing easier)
Universal (used internationally by scientists)

6. SI Prefixes Base Unit Symbol Measures Meter length m mass Gram g
Base units: fundamental units of measurement
Base Unit
Symbol
Measures
Meter
length m
mass
Gram g
volume
Liter L
Second s
time

7. SI Prefixes
SI prefix –a word that precedes a base unit and indicate multiples
Prefix
Symbol
Meaning
Multiplication
Scientific Notation
Thousand
1 x 10 x 10 x 10
1 x 103
Hundred
1 x 10 x 10
1 x 102
Ten
1 x 10
1 x 101
BASE UNIT
Tenth
1/10
1 x 10-1
Hundredth
1/(10 x 10)
1 x 10-2
Thousandth
1/(10 x 10 x 10)
1 x 10-3
Kilo- k h
Hecto-
Deca- da
Deci- d
Centi- c
Milli- m
*NOTE: k, c, and m are the prefixes used most often in science.

8. Metric Conversions
Example: Convert 25 cm to m.
Mnemonic: King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk

9. Practice

10. Scientific Notation Used to represent very large or very small numbers
Expressed as a number 1-10 multiplied by a power of 10
Example: 2.4 x 103, 7.8 x 10-5, etc.
Exponent shows the number of places to move the decimal
Positive exponent – the original number was greater than zero; decimal moves to the right
1.25 x 104 = 12500
Negative exponent – the original number was less than zero; decimal moves to the left
1.25 x 10-4 =

11. Practice
4.7 x 104 = __________ x 10-3 = ___________
47000
.0062

12. Part 2: making Measurements

13. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Length
Distance between 2 points --
Meter (m)
ruler, meter stick

14. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Area
Amount of surface
A = length x width
m x m = m2
“ “

15. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Volume of solids
Amount of space an object occupies
V = length x width x height
m x m x m = m3
“ “

16. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Volume of liquids
Amount of space a liquid occupies
1 mL = 1 cm3
Liters (L)
beaker, graduated cylinder

17. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Mass*
Amount of matter in an object --
grams (g)
triple beam balance

18. Mass versus weight: Weight is how hard gravity pulls on an object
* Mass versus weight: Weight is how hard gravity pulls on an object. Things weigh less on the moon because gravity is weaker there (only times that of Earth). Mass is the amount of matter in an object—which doesn’t change based on location.

19. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Density
amount of matter that occupies a given space
D = mass/volume
Solids: g/m3
Liquids: g/L
triple beam balance + ruler/meter stick OR beaker/grad. cylinder

21. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Time
interval between 2 events --
Seconds (s)
stopwatch, clock

22. Equation (if applicable)
Parameter
Definition
Equation (if applicable)
SI base unit
Measuring Tools
Temperature
amount of heat in an object
K = °C + 273
Kelvin (K) or degrees Celsius (°C)
thermometer

23. Graphing

24. Graphs: Essentials Each graph must have: Tip: do your graphs in pencil
title
labeled axes
appropriate scale (spacing between numbers)
legend (AKA, key) if more than two data sets appear on graph
Tip: do your graphs in pencil

25. Three types of graphs
Line graphs – show how two variables are related; is the most common graph we’ll use in class
Used to answer questions like
How does x affect y?
How does something change over time?

26. Three types of graphs
Bar graphs – compares groups or categories of data
Used to answer questions like:
How does this group compare to another group(s)?

27. Line, Bar, or Pie? Line graph! Value of Sarah's Car Age (years) Value1
$24,000 2
$22,500 3
$19,700 4
$17,500 5
$14,500 6
$10,000 7
$ 5,800
Line graph!

28. Line, Bar, or Pie?
Line graph!

29. Students' Favorite After-School Activities
Line, Bar, or Pie?
Students' Favorite After-School Activities
Activity
Number of Students
Play Sports 45
Talk on Phone 53
Visit With Friends 99
Earn Money 44
Chat Online 66
School Clubs 22
Watch TV 37
Bar graph!

30. Types of Vascular Plants in NC
Line, Bar, or Pie?
Types of Vascular Plants in NC
Taxonomic group
Percentage
Ferns 4%
Gymnosperms 1%
Monocots
35%
Dicots
60%
Pie chart!

31. Graphing Step 1 – Determine the variables and label each axis
Dependent variable goes on the y-axis (vertical)
Independent variable goes on the horizontal x-axis (horizontal)
“Why (Y) be dependent when your Ex (X) is independent?”
Y-Axis
Dependent Variable
X-Axis , Independent Variable

32. Graphing Step 2 -- Determine the scale of the graph
Scale = the number value for each square on the graph
Spread the graph out to take up the most maximum amount of space

33. Graphing
Step 3 -- Plot the data points, marking each data value with a dot
Step 4 -- Draw the graph
If there is more than one line on the graph, you must include a key identifying each line

34. Graphing Step 5 -- Give the graph a descriptive title
Acceptable title: The Effect of Sleep on Test Grades
Unacceptable titles: “Sleep and Grades,” “Test Scores and Sleep”