Ch. 1 Warm-Up 1.How is anatomy different from physiology? 2.What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest  largest? 3.List the 11 organ systems of the body.

Ch. 1 Warm-Up 1.List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life. 2.List the survival needs of the body.

Ch. 1 Warm-Up 1.What is the anatomical position? Describe or draw it. 2.How are the following cuts or planes made? a)Frontal b)Oblique c)Transverse d)Sagittal 3.What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?

The Human Body: An Orientation Chapter 1

Objectives: Explain how structure complements function Name the levels of structural organization List the functions necessary for life List the survival needs of the body Define homeostasis and explain its significance Use correct anatomical terms to describe the body

Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another Physiology: the function of the body parts Complementarity of Structure & Function ▫What a structure can do depends on its specific form ▫“Structure dictates function”

Subdivisions of Anatomy Gross or Macroscopic ▫parts visible to naked eye ▫eg. regional, surface, systemic Microscopic ▫Cytology: study of cells ▫Histology: study of tissues Developmental eg. embryology – study changes that occur before birth

Physiology Focuses on events at cellular or molecular level Chemical & physical principles

Levels of Structural Organization chemical  cellular  tissue  organ  organ system  organism

Overview of Organ Systems

Necessary Life Functions for Humans 1.Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside) 2.Movement (internal & external) 3.Responsiveness: sense changes and respond 4.Digestion: break down foods for absorption 5.Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body 6.Excretion: remove wastes 7.Reproduction: cell division, whole organism 8.Growth: increase in size/part

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature (98.6  F or 37  C) Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis Maintain relatively stable internal conditions Receptor (input)  control center  effector (response) Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of stimulus ▫Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar levels Positive (+) feedback: increases response ▫Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting Diseases = homeostatic imbalance

Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face forward, thumbs pointing out

Terms you need to know: Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal) Ventral (anterior) Dorsal (posterior) Medial Lateral Intermediate Proximal Distal Superficial (external) Deep (internal) Axial Appendicular Saggital plane ▫Midsaggital/median ▫Parasaggital Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse (horizontal) plane Oblique section

Directional Terms

Regional Terms Axial: main part of body = head, neck, & trunk Appendicular: limbs attached to axis

The body can be cut (sectioned) along flat surfaces called planes Sagittal planeSagittal plane: divides into right/left ▫Median or midsagittal (exactly down middle) ▫Parasaggital Frontal/coronal planeFrontal/coronal plane: divides into anterior/posterior Transverse/horizontal planeTransverse/horizontal plane: divides into superior/inferior ObliqueOblique: diagonal cuts between horizontal & vertical

Which plane is shown below? kidneys brain thigh heart head chest (lungs + heart)

Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity:Dorsal body cavity: ▫Cranial cavity ▫Vertebral/spinal cavity Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity ▫Thoracic  lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus ▫Abdominopelvic  digestive, reproductive, urinary

Membranes Serosa Serosa: lines ventral body cavity & outer surfaces of organs ▫Parietal serosa ▫Parietal serosa – lines cavity wall ▫Visceral serosa ▫Visceral serosa – folds in; covers organs in cavity Serous fluidSerous fluid: lubricates space between membranes

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Regions