Human anatomy

Bones of Upper Limb Shoulder Girdle Bones of Free Upper Limb

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Bones of the hand

Clavicle Each clavicle has one shaft and two ends 1)medial end is named as sternal end, 2)lateral end is acromial end, 3)The shaft has two curvatures, the medial two- thirds is rounded and convex forwards, the lateral one-third is flat, and convex backwards to meet the scapula. Subclavian groove

Scapula The scapula presents two surfaces-costal and dorsal three borders-lateral, medial and superior three angles-lateral, inferior and superior three processes-spine, acromion and coracoid process 1)The costal surface : Present a broad concave-subscapular fossa

2)The dorsal surface is divided by the spine of scapula, into supra- spinous fossa and infra- spinous fossa; both fossae communicate through the spinoglenoid notch The spine ends laterally called the acromion

3)Lateral (axillary) border presents an infraglenoid tubercle 4)Medial (vertebral )border extends from the superior to the inferior angles. spinoglenoid notch

5)Superior border extends from superior angle to the root of coracoid process, where it presents a suprascapular notch. coracoid process projects anteriorly from the superior border

6)The lateral angle of the scapula bears a pear-shaped shallow glenoid cavity. A rough supraglenoid tubercle above glenoid cavity 7) Inferior angle 8) Superior angle

Humerus it articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint superiorly and with the radius and ulna at elbow joint inferiorly. It presents upper and lower ends, and an intervening shaft.

1)At the upper end : head anatomical neck greater tubercle lesser tubercle intertubercular groove the surgical neck

2)The shalf of humerus : Intertubercular sulcus presents lateral and medial lips, and a floor. deltoid tuberosity, radial groove

3) At the lower end of the humerus :two condyles, a medial trochlea and a lateral capitulum. Medial and lateral epicondyles medial and lateral supracondylar ridges. coronoid fossa, radial fossa olecranon fossa

Bones of the forearm Two long bones, radius and ulna,

Radius The radius presents upper and lower ends, and a shaft. 1)Upper end consists of head (superior concave surface,circumference of the head) neck and a radial tuberosity 2)Shaft is triangular and presents the interosseous (medial) border concave surface circumference of the head tuberosity interosseous border styloid process

3)The lower end of the radius is flared. It has a medial ulnar notch, lateral styloid process

Ulna The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It consists of upper and lower ends, and an intervening shaft. 1)upper end are two prominent projections, the olecranon process and coronoid process. ulnar tuberosity, trochlear notch, radial notch

2) The shaft of the ulna :three borders-anterior, posterior and interosseous (lateral). 3) The lower end : head of the ulna. styloid process interosseous border styloid process head of the ulna tuberosity

trochlear notch olecranon process coronoid process interosseous border radial notch styloid process tuberosity radius ulna styloid process peripheral margin

anular ligament oblique cord interosseous membrane triangular gap

Bones of the hand Carpal bones arranged in proximal and distal rows, each row presenting four bones, from lateral to medial side :

proximal row are: scaphoid(boat-shaped) lunate (moon-like) triquetral (triangular) pisiform (pea-shaped) distal row are: trapezium (little table) trapezoid (four-sided) capitate (head-shaped) hamate(hooked)

Metacarpal bones The metacarpal bones consists of five long bones which are numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb to little finger. Each of them has a shaft, two ends which are base superiorly and head inferiorly

Phalanges Total number of phalangeal bones is fourteen in number, three phalanges for each medial four fingers and two phalanges for the thumb.

These bones are referred to as proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and distal phalanx respectively. Each has a head, shaft and proximal base. The heads of the distal phalanges carry a palmar tuberosity.