Colonialism Political, social, economic, cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISM PHASE 1: 1490s—1820s Spain & Portugal colonized Central, South, and North America Spain & Portugal colonized Central, South, and North America Britain colonized North America, India, Australia (1788), parts of the Caribbean Britain colonized North America, India, Australia (1788), parts of the Caribbean Dutch colonized South Africa, Singapore Dutch colonized South Africa, Singapore France colonized Canada, parts of the Caribbean France colonized Canada, parts of the Caribbean 1800s: Independence Movements began 1800s: Independence Movements began

Islamic Civilizations  Islam spread from Arabic region (Middle East) to: North Africa, Spain, and Asia  Early civilizations: Baghdad (Iraq), Cairo (Egypt), Cordoba (Spain), Palermo (Sicily)  Baghdad (750 – 1258)  Universities  Translated texts from Greek, Roman, Hindu, & Persian cultures into Arabic; synthetic philosophy  Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, astronomy, philosophy, art, architecture, medicine  Arabic = ( , Middle Ages) world’s major intellectual & scientific language & influenced the West

Western Control of Middle East  = Crusades, EU launched military expeditions to defeat Islamic dynasties & return Holy Land to Christian rule  EU wanted control of Eastern trade routes (spices, silk, cotton)  1400’s = Portuguese establish ports from Arabia to SE Asia, controlled spice trade

TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1490’s—1800’s Europeans captured West African slaves (c. 12 million total) (in exchange for guns, alcohol, tobacco, etc.) Europeans captured West African slaves (c. 12 million total) (in exchange for guns, alcohol, tobacco, etc.) Shipped slaves to the Americas and Caribbean Islands to work on plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee) Shipped slaves to the Americas and Caribbean Islands to work on plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee) Beginning of the Global Plantation Economy Beginning of the Global Plantation Economy

Suez Canal: 1869  Connected Mediterranean Sea w/Gulf of Suez in Egypt  101 miles long  immediate and dramatic effect on world trade  combined w/ American Transcontinental railroad, allowed entire world to be circled in record time  British & French owned  increased EU penetration & colonization of Africa

2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISM PHASE 2: 1850s-1950s Western Europe colonized Africa, the rest of Asia, and the Pacific Islands Western Europe colonized Africa, the rest of Asia, and the Pacific Islands 1914: Britain and French Empires were at their height; EU Empires controlled 85% of world! 1914: Britain and French Empires were at their height; EU Empires controlled 85% of world! 1950s: Independence Movements started to succeed 1950s: Independence Movements started to succeed

Egypt: British colony in 1882; sugar, cotton Egypt: British colony in 1882; sugar, cotton Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco: French colonies; railroads, mining, agriculture Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco: French colonies; railroads, mining, agriculture Iran: N. Iran was Russian colony, S. Iran was British; tobacco Iran: N. Iran was Russian colony, S. Iran was British; tobacco SE Asia: Dutch in 1917; sugar, coffee, tobacco, indigo SE Asia: Dutch in 1917; sugar, coffee, tobacco, indigo Malaysia: British; tin, rubber, Chinese labor Malaysia: British; tin, rubber, Chinese labor EU Colonized Islamic Nations in 1800’s

Post-WWII Colonies  French: North Africa, Lebanon, Syria  British: Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, South Asia  Dutch: SE Asia  Colonial economies based on cash crops: tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, opium  Independence/nationalist movements, new nation-states in 1960’s: Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Kuwait, Iraq, Tunisia, Syria, Jordan

RACE 1.CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION No biological basis, although there is often an assumed biological commonality such as shared genes or “blood” Race categories change over time and vary from place to place 2.GENETIC EVIDENCE Proves that there are more differences within so-called “races” than between them

RACE (cont.) 3.PHENOTYPE (physical expression of genes) Many societies define “race” by phenotype, such as: skin color, hair form, facial features, eye color But…the lines of distinction are not clear The MEANING of the phenotypic features is culturally constructed

Putting Cultural Ideas into Practice PREJUDICE Devaluing a group because of assumed behavior, values, capabilities, etc. DISCRIMINATION Policies and practices that harm a group and its members RACISM Discrimination against a group assumed to have biological commonality