1.  What is Modern? ◦ From 1450 on ◦ Generally the Renaissance ◦ “great” migrations are those which involve several million people ◦ Some migrations (Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq) are occurring right now 232,000,000 Migrants in the world.

3.  Religious freedom (New England Colonies)  Puritan migration ◦ HUGE effects on American culture  Economic opportunity (Middle colonies/Virginia= tobacco, cotton, farms, etc.)

5.  “Age of Exploration”  Columbus seeking route to India for trade (economic opp.)  Ran into the Americas instead  “God, Gold and Glory”  Treaty of Tordesillas ◦ Portugal got everything East of line, Spain got everything West  Portugal occupied parts of Brazil (official language Portuguese)  Spain everywhere else  Economic migration

7.  To South Africa, Australia & New Zealand  Beginning of the British Empire  South Africa dominated by white minority  Australia colonized and natives removed and relocated  Economic migration  What about India? ◦ Established trading posts in West Africa ◦ From there moved to India ◦ But not in huge numbers

9.  Trans-Atlantic Slave trade of 15 th - 19 th centuries ◦ European/American powers stealing people out of Africa and selling them into bondage in the Americas.  Caribbean ◦ Jamaica (90% African descent) & Haiti (95%)  S. America ◦ Coastal Brazil ◦ 50% Afro-Brazilian  American South ◦ Smallest amount from West Africa came here ◦ USA culture significantly affected by African migrants ◦ FORCED MIGRATION

11.  Slavery ends, British used Indians to harvest crops in British colonies  “Indian Diaspora” ◦ Diaspora: From Greek for “to disperse” forced or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place  Kenya  S. Africa  SE Asia ◦ Indonesia still has a small Hindu minority  Fiji ◦ 2 nd largest Ethnic group  Guyana ◦ 28.4% Hindu  Suriname ◦ Hindustani predominate ethnic group ◦ 20-25 Million Indians abroad ◦ Economic Migration

13.  “Chinese Diaspora”  Economic opportunity  Political Refugees  SE Asia ◦ Malaysia  Persecuted  Still 2 nd highest ethnic group ◦ Singapore  76.8% of the population ◦ “Bamboo Network”  A network of close-knit Chinese entrepreneurs with large corporate empires in southeast Asia  N. America ◦ Seattle, San Francisco, & Vancouver

15.  Manifest Destiny ◦ The 19 th century belief that Americans would eventually expand west to the Pacific Ocean  What about Native Americans? ◦ Many died and the rest were pushed west and resettled onto reservations.

17.  Mirror image of N. America  Trans-siberian railroad (5770 Miles long) 1891-1916  Russians settled Siberia like we settled W. North America  What about native Siberians? ◦ Handled like Native Americans  Poorer than other Russians  Set up on reservations  On the worst land