 Concentrated in Europe, but also fought in the colonies of European nations  Involved all major world powers, and their colonies

 Total War: complete commitment of a nation’s people & resources to the war effort  Industries switched from peace time to war time production  Soldiers mobilized  Britain 5,000,000  France 8,200,000  Germany 13,250,000  A-H 9,000,000  Russia 13,000,000

 New inventions (barbed wire & machine gun) switched the advantage from offensive to defensive  Trench Warfare: troops dug into the ground for defense from new weapons  Large artillery guns for bombarding enemy troops  Submarines (U-boats), Poison gas, Airplanes, Tanks

 Schlieffen Plan: Two Front Strategy ◦ France gave Russia 10 billion francs ◦ Battle of the Marne-France stopped Germany (changed the war)  Second Battle of the Marne-Ironically end up where they started  Battle of Ypres: Battle where poison gas is used for the first time  Battle of the Somme: 60,000 casualties in 1 hr. ◦ Elan Vitale (offensive spirit)

Western Front Eastern Front This front goes away after Lenin withdrew Russian troops. Which means that Germany can focus all of its resources on the Western Front.

 Russia is forced to withdraw from the war as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution ◦ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia  Vladimir Lenin staged a successful revolution in Russia to set up a communist government  Effects on the War: 1. Lenin pulled Russian troops out of war and Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany 2. Created an unstable Europe because of the communists government 3. Now Germany was fighting a one front war with France, all resources are on France

 U.S foreign policy - neutral  Immigrants – many were sympathetic to their ethnic heritage  Prospect of business interests  Monroe Doctrine  Representation of Peace

 Neutrality only works if all parties respect it  International law prohibited blockading non-war material  Led to the sinking of the Lusitania (1915) ◦ Killed 1195 (123 Americans)  German blockade threatened

President Wilson issued a proclamation of neutrality… but found this would be difficult to enforce. 1) Sinking of the Lusitania-On May 7, 1915 the British ship sank off the coast of of Scotland killing 128 Americans. 2) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- On January 31, 1917 Germany announced its decision… 3) Zimmerman Telegram- On March 1, 1917 US newspapers reported that Germany was trying to get Mexico to invade the US… (to keep us occupied) 4) Russian Revolution- On March 15, the Bolsheviks overthrew the government of Tzar Nicholas II

 The Great War began on June 28, 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.  In April 1917 the US enters the war with the mobilization of the AEF, the American Expeditionary Force.  The economic aid and technology brought into the war along with the AEF brought the needed muscle to overcome the central powers.

Primary Source Analysis: Who is the Speaker in this note? What is the Occasion of note? (date, time) Who is the Audience of the note? (for whom is it intended) What is the Purpose of the note? (why was it written) What is the Subject of the note? (what is being written about) What is the Tone of the note? (what emotion does it carry) What is the attitude Zimmerman has about submarine warfare? How do you know? What impact may this have had on the American Public and President Wilson’s decision to eventually enter the war?

1) What were 5 causes of WWI? (1.01) 2) Who were the participants in WWI and who did they align themselves with and what were these two sides called? (1.02)