Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Section 1: Nature of Matter Section 2: Water and Solutions Section 3: Chemistry of Cells Section 4: Energy and Chemical Reactions
Section 1 Nature of Matter Objectives: Differentiate between atoms and elements. Analyze how compounds are formed. Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds.
Section 1 Nature of Matter Atoms Matter All matter is made of atoms. Atoms Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Elements Elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom.
Section 1 Nature of Matter Chemical Bonding Covalent Bonds Molecules are groups of atoms linked by covalent bonds. Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules. Ionic Bonds An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Ions of opposite charge may form an ionic bond.
Section 2 Water and Solutions Objectives: Analyze the properties of water. Describe how water dissolves substances. Distinguish between acids and bases.
Section 2 Water and Solutions Water in Living Things Storage of Heat Water, which is essential for life, stores heat efficiently and binds to itself and other substances. Cohesion and Adhesion Water binds to itself and other substances.
Section 2 Water and Solutions Aqueous Solutions Polarity Water dissolves polar molecules and ionic compounds. Acids and Bases Acids increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Bases decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. The pH scale measures the strength of acids and bases.
Section 3 Chemistry of Cells Objectives: Summarize the characteristics of organic compounds. Compare the structures and function of different types of biomolecules. Describe the components of DNA and RNA. State the main role of ATP in cells.
Section 3 Chemistry of Cells Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms. Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes. Proteins Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and specific function.
Section 3 Chemistry of Cells Carbon Compounds continued Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information. ATP ATP is the main energy currency of cells.
Section 4 Energy and Chemical Reactions Objectives: Evaluate the importance of energy to living things. Relate energy and chemical reactions. Describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions. Identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules.
Section 4 Energy and Chemical Reactions Energy for Life Processes Energy in Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions absorb or release energy. Activation Energy Starting a chemical reaction requires activation energy.
Section 4 Energy and Chemical Reactions Enzymes Enzymes and Activation Energy Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy of the reactions. Enzyme Specificity Enzymes bind only certain substrates. Factors in Enzyme Activity Factors such as temperature and pH affect enzyme activity.