MINING. Mineral Resource: Naturally occurring material in or on Earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful materials for a profit.

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Presentation transcript:

MINING

Mineral Resource: Naturally occurring material in or on Earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful materials for a profit. Ore: a rock containing enough of one or more metallic minerals that can be mined profitably. Reserves: easily extracted and economical to mine.

Example: Gold Ore

Example: Iron Ore (steel!)

Iron Ore Outcrop

Uranium Ore

Copper Ore

Overburden: the material above the mineral in survface mining that has to be moved before mining commences.

Gangue: commercially valueless material

Tailings: the leftovers when the gangue is removed from the ore Tailings ponds/slurry = toxic!

Spoils: any waste from mining

Environmental Effects: AMD: highly acidic water rich in heavy metals –water+rocks that contain sulfur = sulfuric acid –Heavy metals can be leached from rocks that come in contact with the sulfuric acid Treatment: most often liming: lime neutralization; when the pH becomes neutral, heavy metals such as iron precipitate (“yellow boy”)

Acid Mine Drainage

Smelting: separating metal from gangue or other elements in the ore Heat and chemical reactions – melt the metal but release air pollutants and leave “slag”.

Gold Extraction using Cyanide

Cyanide Heap Leaching (Au)

TYPES OF MINING Surface and Subsurface

Surface Mining Open Pit

Dredging

Strip Mining

Mountain-top Removal

Subsurface Mining Room and Pillar

Longwall

In-Situ

Depletion of mineral resources: Depletion curve –Throw away –Recycle –Reduce, reuse

Legislation Mining Law of 1872: Encouraged the mineral exploration and mining of hardrock minerals on U.S. public land. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA): (1977) requires any surface mining be “reclaimed”. This means that soil surface must be “restored” to its original condition.