1. Geologic Resources: Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 15 http://apes.sfinstructionalresources.wikispaces.net

2. Objectives - Mining  Describe the formation, extraction, and reserves of mineral resources.  Evaluate the environmental effects of utilizing mineral resources.

3. Application  Find the answers to the following questions: 1. How are minerals formed? 2.List the two main types of mineral extraction. 3.Why is it possible for mineral reserves to grow? 4.How have mining laws changed over time?  Find the answers to the following questions: 1. How are minerals formed? 2.List the two main types of mineral extraction. 3.Why is it possible for mineral reserves to grow? 4.How have mining laws changed over time?

4. Formation  Internal and external geologic processes Magma Black smoker Sulfide deposit White crab White clam Tube worms White smoker

5. Mineral Resources - Nonrenewable  Economical extraction (ore)  Metallic, nonmetallic, energy  Reserves – known supply, profitable extraction. Fig. 15-2 p. 339

6. Global Reserves  Economic depletion  Environmental concerns  Finding substitutes Fig. 1-7 p. 10

7. Surfacing Mining  Overburden: waste material - spoils  Open-pit

8. Surfacing Mining  Dredging  Strip mining

9. Surfacing Mining  Mountaintop removal

10. Subsurface Mining  Room and pillar  Longwall

11. Processing Ore Gangue Tailings “Mineral”

12. Environmental Effects Fig. 15-6 p. 343

13. Environmental Effects - Extraction  Disturbed land surface  Erosion of toxic mining wastes  Noise  Worker health/accidents

14. Environmental Effects - Processing  Tailings - pollution  Smelting Fig. 15-7 p. 344  Pollution  Noise  Worker health/accidents

15. Environmental Effects - Use  Processing of metals  Waste  Recycle Surface mining Metal ore Separation of ore from gangue Scattered in environment Recycling Discarding of product Conversion to product Conversion to product Discarding of product Conversion to product Scattered in environment Discarding of product Conversion to product Surface mining Scattered in environment Discarding of product Conversion to product Metal ore Surface mining Scattered in environment Discarding of product Conversion to product Separation of ore from gangue Metal ore Surface mining Scattered in environment Discarding of product Conversion to product Melting metal Smelting

16. Laws  General Mining Law of 1872 Purchase public lands No environmental cleanup  General Mining Law of 1872 Purchase public lands No environmental cleanup  Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Restoration Tax  Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Restoration Tax

17. Objectives - Mining  Describe the formation, extraction, and reserves of mineral resources.  Evaluate the environmental effects of utilizing mineral resources.

18. Application  Find the answers to the following questions: 1. How are minerals formed? 2.List the two main types of mineral extraction. 3.Why is it possible for mineral reserves to grow? 4.How have mining laws changed over time?  Find the answers to the following questions: 1. How are minerals formed? 2.List the two main types of mineral extraction. 3.Why is it possible for mineral reserves to grow? 4.How have mining laws changed over time?