1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE mining

2. Parent material (rock) Particles of parent material Fig. 14-6, p. 348 Biological weathering (tree roots and lichens) Chemical weathering (water, acids, and gases) Physical weathering (wind, rain, thermal expansion and contraction, water freezing) Stepped Art

3. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ In regards to a natural resource. COST TO – FIND – EXTRACT – PROCESS – TRANSPORT

4. What are some usable products from mining? Coal Aluminum Iron Gold Silver Copper

5. What are some ways mineral deposits are removed from the earth? Surface mining p. 345 overburden and spoils (spoil banks) open pit mining strip mining Area strip mining Countour strip mining Mountain top removal

7. AREA STRIP MINING OCCURS ON FLAT GRADES OF LAND

8. Contour strip mining

10. HIGHWALL and RUNNOFF

11. Subsurface mining Advantages of subsurface mining- Less impact on the environment, 1/10 or so when compared to strip mining. disadvantages of subsurface mining- – Uses dangerous explosives and there is a possibility of cave ins, fires, build up of dangerous gas. -subsidence- – Black lung

14. Surface Mining Control and reclamation ACT of 1977

15. Requires mining companies to restore most surface mined land by grading and replanting it.

16. Environmental Impacts of Mining Scarring and disruption of the land surface. See book! Subsidence- Toxin laced mining waste

17. OK, How do you get the desired mineral from the ore? Ore mineral-contains the desired mineral and waste material. Gangue “gang” Tailings-large piles of solid waste Smelting- “roast” ores to release metals. Remember physical properties of substances separate due to different melting points?

19. Mining of low grade ore In 1900 the average copper mined in the United States was 5%. Currently it is around 0.5%. Problems with mining low grade ores: Increase cost of mining and processing low grade ores. Availability of water especially in arid and semiarid areas. Land disruption is increased due to having to remove larger volumes of the earth.

20. Cyanide heap extraction- allows mining companies to level mountains to obtain low grade gold ore. - cyanide leach beds and and collecting ponds may overflow or leak. -Birds and mammals may be drawn to the ponds for a source of water to drink.

21. Summitville Gold Mine Colorado

22. “Summitville is a “superfund site” CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Control and Liability Act

23. Cyanide heap extraction

24. 1-4 stongest earthquakes since 1900 1. In 2011 a magnitude 8.9 quake struck this country? 2. In December 2004 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake triggered this related event that killed 230,000 or so souls. 3. Largest recorded earthquake in the United States occurred in this US state. (Magnitude 9.2)

25. cont 4. In May 1960 a magnitude 9.5 earthquake struck this not so cold South American country.

26. 5 What region of the United States is the most low sulfur coal mined? west, mid-west, east, south

27. 6 QUESTION: When two plates collide or come together, a continental/continental boundary is an example. ANSWER:

28. 7 QUESTION: What instrument measures the shock waves of an earthquake? ANSWER:

29. 8 Theory that plates move due to hot, molton convection currents beneath the Earth’s surface. What is___________ _________

30. 9 Large supercontinent that existed 250 million years ago.

31. 10 10. Term for the process of plates moving away from each other allowing thermal energy to escape.

32. 11 A _________________is a person who shovels broken ore or waste rock into orecars or orebuckets. We have not covered this; however, knowledge is power!

33. 12-16 12. Found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes. 13. Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease. 14. Flammable gas that may ignite in coal mines 15. Colorless, odorless gas that is natrually occurring decay product of uranium 16. Released from broken CFL bulbs Asbestos Methane Ether Lead Hg gas Radon

34. 17-20 16. The most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. 17. The most abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere. 18. The most abundant element in the Earth’s core. 19. The element commercially extracted from bauxite Neon Oxygen Aluminum Iron Nitrogen Argon

35. 21 The world wide population using coal as a power source is growing at a rate of 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the the use of coal to double (assuming the current rate) is closest to a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 25 e. 35 UNIT years

36. 22 Which of the following natural events would most likely contribute to the cooling of the Earth’s atmosphere? Past AP exam question. A. Hurricane B. Monsoon C. Earthquake D. Tsunami E. Volcanism

37. 24 Name the act enacted in 1977 that required coal companies to grade, level and plant vegetation to reclaim the land that was mined. Abbreviation ok for this one.