1. Advanced Placement Environmental Science
Geology Chapter 16
Advanced Placement Environmental Science

2. An ore is an economically exploitable deposit
Mining for Ores
An ore is an economically exploitable deposit

3. Gangue - Mine Tailings Spoil
Undesired waste rock associated with the valuable minerals in an ore
Waste soil and rock removed during surface mining
Spoil
Concentrating and smelting removes as much of this gangue as possible
Where can we safely leave the gangue?
Does it represent a potential environmental hazard?
Example: Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from sulfide ores and coal

4. Steps in Obtaining Mineral Commodities
1. Prospecting: finding places where ores occur
2. Mine exploration and development: learn whether ore
can be extracted economically
3. Mining: extract ore from ground
4. Beneficiation: separate ore minerals from other mined rock
5. Smelting and refining: extract pure commodity from the ore mineral
6. Transportation: carry commodity to market
7. Marketing and Sales: Find buyers and sell the commodity

5. Mining: Extract Ore from Ground
Types of Mining:
Surface Mining: Scoop ore off surface or earth.
cheap.
safe for miners.
large environmental destruction. (types include: open-pit, dredging, strip, contour strip and mountaintop removal
Underground Mining: Use of shafts to reach deeply buried ores.
expensive.
hazardous for miners.
less environmental damage. (types include: mine shafts and tunnels, room and pillar and longwall mining)

6. Surface Mining Vulcan!!! open pit mining:
circular hole in ground, with ramp circling down along sides, allows deeper ore to be reached.
Vulcan!!!

7. Strip Mining
strip-mining: scoop off rock overburden, and then scoop off ore material.
Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio
Large land area can be involved, especially for coal and bauxite.

8. Underground Mining A technology originating in antiquity.
A variety of configurations, depending upon conditions

9. Environmental Damage Gaping holes in ground (old open pit mines).
Piles of mine tailings (non-ore removed from mines).
Accidental draining of rivers and lakes.
Disruption of ground water flow patterns.
Loss of topsoil in strip-mined regions Contamination from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) produced through weathering of iron sulfide (FeS2, pyrite) in tailings.
Contamination from heavy metals (e.g. arsenic, mercury) in mine tailings.

10. Supplies of mineral resources
Mineral is economically depleted when:
it costs more to find, extract, transport, and process
5 choices: recycle, reuse, waste less, use less find a substitute or do without
Depletion time: how long it takes to use up a certain proportion of the reserves at a given rate (usually 80% of the mineral)

11. Smelting and Refining: Extract Pure Commodity from Ore Mineral
Iron, from an iron oxide (Fe2O3, hematite) rich ore (such as a banded-iron formation, which also contains quartz).
coke (carbon from coal), ore, air, and limestone mixed in blast furnace.

12. Smelting and Refining: Environmental Problems
Production of huge piles of slag.
Emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.
Pollution associated with the generation of electricity needed in anode furnaces (especially aluminum).
Sulfur dioxide emissions from the refining of sulfide ores are a major source of air pollution. The sulfur dioxide combines with water to produce sulfuric acid.
Release of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg), present in trace quantities in sulfide ores, into the atmosphere.