1. Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment Chapter 14

2. Key Concepts  Major geologic processes  Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle  Earthquakes and volcanoes  Finding and extracting mineral resources  Non-renewable mineral resources

3. Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Fig. 4-7 p. 60

4. Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle Fig. 16-2 p. 333

5. Plate Tectonics  Divergent boundary  Convergent boundary  Subduction zone  Transform fault Refer to Fig. 16-3 p. 334 Fig. 16-5 p. 336

6. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 16-4, p. 335

7. External Earth Processes  Erosion  Mechanical weathering  Frost wedging  Chemical weathering  Biological weathering

8. Natural Hazards: Earthquakes  Features  Magnitude  Aftershocks  Primary effects  Secondary effects Fig. 16-6 p. 337

9. Expected Earthquake Damage Fig. 16-7 p. 337 Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage

10. Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions Fig. 16-8 p. 338 extinct volcanoes extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent magma conduit Solid lithosphere Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere

11. Minerals and Rocks  Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types  Igneous (granite, basalt)  Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)  Metamorphic (marble, slate)

12. Fig. 16-9 p. 339 Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Rock Cycle

13. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Metallic  Non-metallic  Energy resources  Ores

14. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories  Identified  Undiscovered  Reserves  Other Fig. 16-10 p. 340

15. Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Satellite and air imagery  Magnetometers  Gravity differences  Radiation detectors  Seismic surveys  Chemical analyses

16. Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12  Open-pit (surface mining)  Area strip (surface mining)  Contour strip (surface mining)  Dredging (surface mining)  Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)  Longwall (subsurface mining)

17. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act  Established 1977  Mine lands must be restored to pre- mining conditions  Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites  Limited success

18. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources  Disruption of land surface  Subsidence  Erosion of solid mining waste  Acid mine drainage  Air pollution  Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

19. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Fig. 16-14 p. 344

20. More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining  Overburden  Spoil  Open-pit  Dredging  Strip mining  Room and pillar  Longwall Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342

21. Processing Mineral Resources  Ore mineral  Gangue  Tailings  Smelting Refer to Fig. 16-15 p. 344

22. Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Foreign sources  Economics  Environmental concerns  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes Fig. 16-16 p. 346  New technologies