CELLULAR RESPIRATION

___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food AUTOTROPHS In the last section green plants used ________________ to trap energy from __________ and make ______________ sunlight food (glucose) PHOTOSYNTHESIS

In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called ___________________ What kind of organisms do this? energy broken down ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

________ (Including _______) ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! What kind of organisms do this? plantsfungibacteria ______ animals humans

We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants. How do we get the sugar from the plants? REMEMBER! _______________ get their energy by eating other organisms. HETEROTROPHS eating plants animals

Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ mitochondria CYTOPLASM

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria INTERMEMBRANE SPACE DOUBLE MATRIX CRISTAE

All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to charge up their _______ energy in food ATP

This process of releasing the energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! slowly many steps light and heat

PHOTOSYNTHESIS ___________ + _________ + ___________ → _______________ + __________ 6 CO 2 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 _____________ + _________ → ________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O The two equations are exact opposites!

UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1 ◦ Celsius = _______________ Unit for measuring energy in food = _______________ 1 Calorie = _________ calories Calorie calorie 1000

________ + _________ → ____________ Remember from Photosynthesis? High energy electron carrier = ___________ Cellular respiration uses some different carriers to transport high energy electrons. _______ & ________ NAD + FAD NAD + ________ + _________ → ____________ 2 e - + H + FAD NADP + 2 e - + 2H +

The first step in cellular respiration = __________________ Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Glycolysis ____________________________ BUT it needs some ____________to get it started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? split apart DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN ATP sweet ENERGY

________ ↓ ___________ → → _____________ ↓ ____________________ + _______________ GLUCOSE2 PYRUVIC ACID PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________ 2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s GLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP’s 2 NADH ATP ATP NADH

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN 2 kinds of fermentation ___________________ & _____________________ ANAEROBIC Alcoholic Lactic acid WITHOUT

_______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO 2 bubbles make _____________ in bread Alcohol _______________ during cooking CO 2 NAD + air spaces evaporates

_______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when ___________ make _______ or ____________ make ______ CO 2 NAD + yeast beer bacteriawine

_______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness NAD + exercise muscles

_______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi NAD + food beverages

WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? builds up NAD +

_______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL → CO 2 NAD + REGENERATE the NAD + LACTIC ACID NAD + → You get the NAD + carriers back ______

Flooded Corn Field plants need ______________________ too. If plants seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plants roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die. Plants do ____________ but photosynthesis oxygen for cellular respiration

KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT

REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. OXYGEN

Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Cellular Respiration We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

_______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present KREBS CYCLE

Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in _____________ inside the mitochondria CYTOPLASM MATRIX

_______________ (also called pyruvate) enters the _________________ Pyruvic acid joins with _______________ to form ________________ PYRUVIC ACID COENZYME A ACETYL - CoA MITOCHONDRIA

WHERE DO THESE GO? Carbon dioxide is released into the ________________ High energy electron carriers move into the ___________________________ atmosphere ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Citric Acid Formation: 2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule called _______________. citric acid

WHERE DO THESE GO? Coenzyme A goes back to pick up another ________________ Citric acid completes the ____________ Pyruvic acid KREBS CYCLE

KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES ____

WHERE DOES IT GO? 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere → Carbon dioxide

WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ____________________________ energy ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? Glycolysis KREBS ET Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the ___________________________ Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX CRISTAE

Electron Transport Chain: High-energy _____________ from __________ and __________ are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy from passing electrons is used to transport _____________________ across the membrane. electrons NADH FADH 2 Hydrogen ions (H + )

The pumping of H + ions into the _______________________ represents potential energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H + ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to form _______ Electron Transport Chain: INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ATP SYNTHASE ATP

Electron Transport Chain: ________________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form ______________ water (H 2 O) OXYGEN

High-energy electrons from ________ come in at beginning but electrons from _________ come in farther down the chain. FADH 2 NADH

SO: NADH → _____ FADH 2 → _____ 3 ATP’s 2 ATP’s

Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?

CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: ______________________ _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN KREBS CYCLE

GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________ into ________________ Produces _______ __________ 2 CYTOPLASM outside mitochondria 1 glucose 2 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

KREBS CYCLE happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________ Produces: ____ ____ MATRIX inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid

ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________ Uses high energy electrons and H + ions donated by _______ and _______ Makes ___________ ________ acts a final electron acceptor to produce ________ cristae inner membrane of mitochondria NADH FADH 2 OXYGEN H 2 O 32 (net) ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 1 glucose → ________________ 36 ATP 2 ATP

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Images from: Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Remember !

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by _______________ & __________________________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity) Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP to last about ___________________. SMALL GLYCOLYSIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION LACTIC ACID 90 seconds

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. Well __________ athletes burn lactic acid more efficiently. trained Lactic acid

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy _____________ than fermentation. Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. more slowly Cellular respiration

Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ to use later. GLYCOGEN REMEMBER What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up?

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) ________________ store glucose as ________________ which can be broken down into glucose to supply energy for_______________ of activity. MUSCLES minutes glycogen

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! FAT

ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles! mitochondria Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membranes