 Under the Qing/Manchu Dynasty ( ), the Chinese restricted foreign trade  In the 1800s, the British worked to develop trade relations with the Chinese  There was great British demand for Chinese silks and tea, but the Chinese weren’t really interested in British products  British merchants began paying for Chinese goods with opium grown in India

 The Chinese tried to get the British to stop selling opium, but they refused  1839 – The Chinese government seized and destroyed $6 million worth of opium from Brits  The Brits sent gunboats to Canton (Guangzhou)  The British easily defeated the Chinese

 The British ruled Hong Kong (this lasted till 1997)  China agreed to open up trade to foreigners  China paid an indemnity for the opium  Brits in China received the rights of extraterritoriality

 Brits and Chinese fought again after the Chinese searched a Hong Kong ship called the Arrow  The French joined this war on the side of the Brits  Europeans forced the Chinese to sign the Treaty of Tianjin—giving even more trade concessions to the Europeans

 Anti-foreigner uprising led by group known as the “Righteous Fists of Harmony”  Put down by a multi-national force

 The East India Company was formed in 1600  In the 1700s, they consolidated authority in India

 Indian sepoys rebelled due to:  Resentment over British rule and the imposition of western culture  The use of rifle cartridges greased in animal fat

 May 1857 – regiments rebelled at Meerut, murdering several British officers and their families  They fled to Delhi and seized the city  Other uprisings emerged  Most were controlled, but the biggest conflicts were at Agra, Cawnpore, and Lucknow

 Atrocities were committed on both sides, resulting in lingering tensions  The rebels were defeated  The Army was reorganized with a greater concentration of Brits  The EIC lost power and the British government took over direct control of India through a viceroy  Queen Victoria was later given title Empress of India

 Settled by Dutch Calvinists known as Boers  1836 – In the Great Trek Boers moved inland and established colonies: The Republic of Transvaal and the Orange Free State  Boers revolt at Majuba Hill  1895 – Cecil Rhodes encourages the Jameson Raid, which fails

 Oct Boers attacked railway lines, laid seige to Kimberley, Ladysmith, and Mafeking  Dec – British losses stunned the public

 Mobile  Good at bushcraft  Had modern rifles  Had French and German sympathizers  Sent ,000 troops  Spent 200 million pounds  Army’s weaknesses revealed

 1900 – Under Field Marshal Roberts and Chief of Staff Lord Kitchener, the British began using new tactics

 Boers respond with continued guerrilla warfare

 Brits destroy farms and place women and children in concentration camps

 Boers asked for an armistice  They were forced to take an oath of loyalty to the king  Treaty of Vereeniging - The British were sovereign, but Boers had control of natives and were given 3 million to rebuild farms  1906 – Transvaal and Orange Free States given self-government  1910 – Union of South Africa created  Apartheid established