A Road Map thru the Body The vocabulary of Human Anatomy Special terminology is used for position, direction, regions, and structures found in the human body. Why is it important there be exact terms for position; direction; region; and structures The vocabulary of Human Anatomy

Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Anatomy deals with the morphology or structure of the body and its parts Physiology studies the function of these parts Anatomists rely on observation while physiologists employ experimentation; they both go hand in hand the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed. In this class we will not only study the structure thru observations but deal with the function thru experimentation. Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope

Cytology – the study of the structure and function of cells Surface Anatomy – the study of general form and superficial markings Pathological Anatomy - the study of changes that occur during a disease. Embryology – the study of the first two months of development (after conception) Systemic Anatomy – the study of a specific organ system and its function.

Levels of Structural Organization Molecular The Human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can be studied at a variety of levels of organization. Atoms are the simplest level, they combine to form molecules Macromolecules are large biologically important molecules Macromolecules come together and form organelle that are used to carry out a specific function of the cell Cells are the basic living unit Tissues consists of similar types of cells, layers or masses that have common functions Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely, this is the most complex level of organism in the human body Human organisms are made up of many organ systems

Characteristics of Life: 1. Respiration 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness (Homeostasis) 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism (Assimilation) 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth 9. Absorption 10. Circulation

Organization of the Human Body Body Cavities: Cranial Cavity- Brain Vertebral Cavity- Spinal Cord Thoracic Cavity- Rib cage, heart, and lungs Pleural Cavity- lungs Pleural Membrane- lines pleural cavity Pleural Membrane

Body Cavities: Pericardial Cavity- heart Pericardium- line the pericardial cavity Mediastinum- heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus

Body Cavities: Abdominal Cavity- stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine Peritoneal Membrane- lines abdominal cavity Pelvic Cavity- reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum

Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum

Body Cavities

Body Systems -an organized group of tissue that forms a particular function

Body Covering - The skin you’re in! Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Includes- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (hair follicles) Body covering includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands (hair follicles). Function include protection of underlying tissues, sensing changes outside the body, help regulate the body’s temperature, and synthesizing various substances 12

Support and Movement – dem Bones! Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation and stores minerals Includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments Skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage and ligaments. It provides support, protection and attachments for muscles. It is a framework of support. It stores inorganic salts and houses blood-forming tissues. 13

Support and Movement – feel the groove! Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Includes smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal musle Muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture and body heat 14

Integration and Coordination Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs. It takes the input from the sensory receptors and sends motor impulses to muscles and glands. 15

Integration and Coordination Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Includes all of the glands that secrete hormones. These help regulate metabolic functions. 16

Absorption and Excretion Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material The digestive system made up of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines. It breaks food down into usable molecules and gets rid of waste. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds these organs? – visceral peritoneum 17

Absorption and Excretion Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. In which two body planes are the lungs found? – the left and right Sagittal planes or the anterior transverse plane 18

Transport – the super Highways! Circulatory Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Includes the heart and blood vessels. It distributes oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body while removing wastes. In which body cavity is the heart found? Thoracic. 19

Transport - the super highways! Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen. It drains excess tissue fluid and defends the body against disease causing agents. 20

Absorption and Excretion Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It filters wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water, acid-base and electrolyte balance 21

Reproductive- Production of offspring Male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs and the vessels that conduct sperm to the penis it’s job is to produce and transport sperm cells. Female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia. The female reproductive system job is to produce and transport egg cells and also houses the developing offspring. 22

The Organ System Matching Game!! Match the organ systems that work together Endocrine System Digestive System Circulatory System Reproductive System Skeletal System Urinary System Respiratory System Muscular System Digestive systems works pretty close with the urinary system – liquid waste has to go somewhere. Reproductive system works pretty closely with the endocrine system – hormones regulates these systems Skeletal and musculature systems work real close you can have movement unless they do. Respiratory system needs the circulatory system to transport gases. But doesn’t the digestive system need the circulatory system to transport nutrients? And doesn’t the respiratory system need the musculature system to bring air into the lungs and push air out? Isn’t blood made in the bones? Don’t all systems need the gas exchange provided by the respiratory system, the nutrition provided by the digestive system, the ability to get rid of waste provided by the excretory systems, and the means to get things to and from provided by the circulatory system? No one system can function alone, they all work together to maintain life. All systems work together to maintain life.

Terms of Relative Position Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part Superior = toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior = away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Anterior or ventral = toward the front of the body; in front of Posterior or dorsal = toward or at the backside of the body; behind Medial = toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side Lateral = away from the midline of the body; or on the outer side Proximal = close to the origin of the body part or the pint of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal = farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of the limb to the body trunk Superficial = toward or at the body surface Deep = away from the body surface, more internal

Body Planes Midsagittal

Identify the following areas on the stick figure: Area distal to the knee. Area proximal to the elbow. Lateral to the thumb. Area that is superior to the lungs. Area that is inferior to the heart. A structure that is anterior to the brain. Draw a line showing a transverse plane. 6 4 2 3 5 1

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Have students copy the chart. Which quadrant would the liver be predominantly in? (RUQ) Stomach? (LUQ)

Abdominopelvic Regions Have students diagram the regions.

Anterior Body Landmarks

Posterior Body Landmarks