COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS

INTRODUCTION extensively used in building industry manufactured by forming thin steel sheets in cold state also called Light Gauge Steel Sections or Cold Rolled Steel Sections number of pairs of rolls (called stages) depends on the complexity of the cross sectional shape alternative method of forming is press – braking galvanising provides protection against corrosion normally, yield strength is at least 280 N/mm2

Light Gauge is a term Used In comparison to hot rolled steel to form structural shapes for framing buildings. Hot rolled steel is formed at temperatures just below melting point. Cold Formed means that the members are formed from a specific thickness and finish of sheet steel, then pressed with a form to make the shape desired. Cold rolled steel is formed at room temperature

A single sheet of paper is very weak when laid flat across two supports . . .

But may be made much stronger when folded to a different configuration . . .

Cold rolled studs and joists are formed in “C” shapes, which provides lateral strength for studs and vertical strength for joists and rafters.

Strength & Stiffness depends on Configuration, Depth, & Thickness of material Thickness - Gauge

Studs are manufactured in standard sizes Standard widths are 1 ½”, 3 5/8”, 6”, and 8” Standard thickness of material is 26 gage, but thicker material is available for structural conditions. Standard Length lengths are 2’ foot increments, but custom lengths are available. Joists are made in standard depths, 6”, 8”, 10”, and 12”, and a variety of gauge thicknesses are available. Span and loading tables are provided by the manufacturers. Gage compared to thickness: 26 gage = .0179 inch thick 1/64 inch = .0156 inch thick

2’0” oc Punched for: Wiring Piping Bracing

Steel studs fastened to bottom track with Self-Tapping Screws ANCHORAGE Steel studs fastened to bottom track with Self-Tapping Screws

Light Gage steel joists are similar to Light Wood Framing and just as the same for wood joists, bridging between members within spans and end blocking is required to prevent the tendency to buckle or twist under load. Reinforcing the web Of joist ends adds Strength to joists under Bearing walls

Heavier gage studs are required for framing of walls that COMMON USES OF STEEL STUDS Interior Partition Framing, either load bearing or non load bearing Exterior Framing Heavier gage studs are required for framing of walls that Support floor and roof loads.

Interior Partition Framing

Brick Veneer “Mockup” showing Metal Stud Backup Wall

Metal Studs as Support Structure for Exterior Gypsum Sheathing Channel Bracing Metal Studs as Support Structure for Exterior Gypsum Sheathing

Temporary Bracing Metal Headers EXTERIOR WALL FRAMING

Multi story building framed with exterior steel studs Applied directly to the structural frame.

Metal Studs used at the “Grill Area” in a restaurant kitchen

STEEL ROOF AND FLOOR FRAMING Sections of steel sections to be used as joists, rafters, and trusses are similar in shape to steel studs, in that the cross section assumes a “C” shape, which is structurally oriented. Units are made in standard sizes of 6”, 8”, 10”, and 12”. Methods of attachment are the same as for wall framing, and assembly, bracing, and bridging is similar to techniques used in wood framing. Structural load tables are available from manufacturer of steel joist products.

ADVANTAGES Cross sectional shapes formed to close tolerances and can be consistently repeated for as long as required. Any desired shape of any desired length can be produced. Pre-galvanised or pre-coated metals have high resistance to corrosion, besides having an attractive surface finish. All conventional jointing methods, (i.e. riveting, bolting, welding and adhesives) can be employed. High strength to weight ratio. light and easy to transport and erect.

Typical Cold Formed Steel Profiles

Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements - stiffened element - an element which is supported by webs along both its longitudinal edges. - unstiffened element - supported along one longitudinal edge only with the other parallel edge being free to displace - intermittently stiffened element - made of a very wide thin element divided into two or more narrow sub elements by the introduction of intermediate stiffeners, formed during rolling.

Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements - 2 Intermediate stiffener Intermittently stiffened element Edge stiffened element Lips

Elastic Buckling of Thin Plates LOCAL BUCKLING Elastic Buckling of Thin Plates A flat plate simply supported on all edges and loaded in compression will buckle at an elastic critical stress given by

(a) Axially compressed plate simply supported on all edges Local Buckling- 2 Supported edge (a) Axially compressed plate simply supported on all edges (b) Axially compressed plate with one edge supported and the other edge free to move Edge free to move

The technique of stiffening the element Local Buckling - 3 Unstiffened element with an edge free to move Internal element Section with unstiffened element Edges stiffened to prevent free movement Internal element with supported edges The same section with stiffened outstands Edge stiffened element The technique of stiffening the element

Local Buckling Effects Post - Critical Behaviour  (c) Effective width M (a) Buckled Shape (b) Stress Distribution b Local Buckling Effects

Effective Width Concept Local Buckling - 7 Effective Width Concept Lightly stressed regions at the centre are least effective. Regions near the supports are far more effective. The effective width, (beff) multiplied by the edge stress (e) is the same as the mean stress across the section multiplied by the total width (b) of the compression member.

Maximum width to thickness ratios (IS: 801 and BS 5950, Part 5 ) Local Buckling - 13 Maximum width to thickness ratios (IS: 801 and BS 5950, Part 5 ) Stiffened elements with one longitudinal edge connected to a flange or web element and the other stiffened by a simple lip: 60 Stiffened elements with both longitudinal edges connected to other stiffened elements: 500 Unstiffened compression elements: 60

Treatment of Elements with Stiffeners Edge Stiffeners Local Buckling - 14 Treatment of Elements with Stiffeners Edge Stiffeners Elements having b/t  60 and provided with simple lip having one fifth of the element width may be regarded as a stiffened element If b/t > 60, then the lip itself may have stability problems. Therefore “compound” lips are designed.

Intermediate stiffeners Local Buckling - 15 Intermediate stiffeners w t o Intermediate stiffener Intermediate stiffeners is used to transform a wide and ineffective element into highly effective element The required minimum moment of inertia of the stiffener about the axis 0-0

Proportioning of Stiffeners Local Buckling - 17 Proportioning of Stiffeners Performance of unstiffened elements can be substantially improved by introducing stiffeners such as lip. introducing intermediate stiffeners. According to BS 5950, an unstiffened element can be regarded as a stiffened element, when the lip or the edge stiffener has a moment of inertia about an axis through the plate middle surface equal to or greater than

The Indian standard IS: 801-1975 prescribes a Local Buckling - 18 The Indian standard IS: 801-1975 prescribes a minimum moment of inertia for the lip given by Imin should not be less than 9.2 t4 . For a simple lip bent at right angles to the stiffened element, the required overall depth dmin is given by dmin should be less than 4.8 t

Beams Laterally stable beams - Beams, which do not buckle laterally . Designs may be carried out using simple beam theory, making modifications for local buckling of the webs. This is done by imposing a maximum compressive stress,(which may be considered to act on the bending element ) given by

Teaching Resources for Steel Structures Beams - 3 Other Beam Failure Criteria Web Crushing Generally occurs under concentrated load or at support point when deep slender webs are employed. (a) Web crushing Space between bottom flange and supporting beam Web cleat used to avoid web crushing (b) Cleats to avoid web crushing Web crushing and how to avoid it © IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG Calcutta

Teaching Resources for Steel Structures Beams - 3   Shear Buckling Thin webs subjected to predominant shear will buckle. The maximum shear in a beam web is invariably limited to 0.7 times yield stress in shear. In deep webs, where shear buckling can occur, the average shear stress (pv) must be less than W Web buckling © IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG Calcutta

Teaching Resources for Steel Structures Beams - 4 Lateral Buckling The great majority of cold formed beams are (by design) restrained against lateral deflections. Lateral buckling will not occur if the beam under loading bends only about the minor axis. Lateral buckling occurs only in "long" beams and is characterised by the beam moving laterally and twisting when a transverse load is applied © IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG Calcutta

Teaching Resources for Steel Structures Beams - 5 Lateral Buckling Bending and twisting © IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG Calcutta

Teaching Resources for Steel Structures Beams - 7 Single and Double Curvature Bending M  M Single Curvature Double Curvature © IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG Calcutta

Design of Column      

Design of Column  

Design of Column (IS 5384:1969)  

THANK YOU