1. Composite Beams and Columns

2. General Provisions
When determining load effects in members and connections of a structure with composite members consider effective sections at the time each increment of load is applied.
Properties of the concrete and reinforcing steel are per ACI 318
Available strength of members is from either plastic stress distribution or strain compatibility
Tensile strength of concrete is assumed to be zero

3. Plastic Stress Distribution
Available strength assumes steel has hit yield stress in either tension or compression, and the concrete in compression is at 085 f’c
This method is typically used for regular sections

4. Strain compatibility method
Linear strain distribution across the section is assumed.
Maximum concrete compressive strain of is used
We use this method in Structures: Compressive

5. Encased composite columns
Cross-sectional area of steel must be at least 1% of total cross-section
Concrete encasement must be reinforced with continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties/spirals
Transverse reinforcement ≥ in2/in
Reinforcement ratio must be at least 0.004

6. Available Compressive Strength
For axial load encased column, limit case of flexural buckling
fc = 0.75 and Wc = 2.00
P0 = nominal elastic compressive strength without length effects (kips)
As = area of steel section (in2)
Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars (in2)
Ac = area of concrete (in2)
sy = yield strength of steel section (ksi)
syr = yield strength of reinforcement (ksi)
f’c = concrete compressive strength (ksi)

7. Elastic buckling strength
EIeff = effective rigidity of composite section (kip-in2)
K = effective length factor
L = laterally unbraced length of the member (in)

8. Effective rigidity Es = modulus of steel (ksi)
Ec = modulus of concrete (ksi)
Is = moment of inertia steel section (in4)
Isr = moment of inertia reinforcement (in4)
Ic = moment of inertia concrete (in4)

9. Nominal compressive strength
If Pe ≥ 0.44 P0
Else (Pe < 0.44 P0)

10. Shear Connectors
It is necessary to ensure that load is transferred from the concrete to the steel
Shear connectors accomplish this
Resist the shear force between the slab and beam
Prevent separation of the slab from the beam

11. Shear Connectors Stud connectors are the most common in U.S.
Short round steel bar, welded to the beam at one end, with a head at the other end.
Diameter from 1⁄2 in. to 1 in. and lengths from 2 to 8 in.
The ratio of the length to diameter ≥ 4.
Most commonly used sizes are 3⁄4 in. or 7/8 in. dia.
Head diameter is 1⁄2 in. larger than stud and the head thickness is 3/8 in. or 1⁄2 in.

12. Shear studs
ASTM-A108, AISI Grades C1010, C1015, C1017 or C1020 cold-drawn steel with a minimum tensile strength of 60 ksi and a minimum elongation of 20%
specified in the AWS Structural Welding Code D
To prevent premature failure of studs because of tearing of base metal, the size of a stud not located over the beam web is limited to 2 1⁄2 times the flange thickness.
The strength of stud connectors increases with stud length up to a length of about four diameters and remains approximately constant for greater lengths

13. Equivalent shear force
V’ = required shear force
When external force is applied to the steel section
When external force is applied to the concrete encasement

14. Distribution
Shear connectors that can hold the required V’ must be distributed along the length for at least 2.5 times the depth of the encased column above and below the applied load
Maximum spacing is 16”
Connectors must be on at least 2 faces, symmetrically

15. Shear Connectors

16. Additional issues At least four longitudinal bars must be used.
Transverse reinforcement must be spaced at the lesser of
16 longitudinal bar diameters
48 tie bar diameters
Half of the least dimension of the composite section
At least 1.5 inches of clear cover is required

17. Built-up Composite columns
If the steel section is built from two or more encased steel shapes, the shapes must be interconnected
Lacing
Tie plates
Batten plates
Etc
To prevent buckling of individual shapes

18. Shear strength of a connector
Asc = cross-sectional area of stud (in2)
Ec = modulus of concrete (ksi)
su = tensile strength of connector (ksi)

19. Floor beam
Girder S L

20. Effective width b tc Yc hr tw d tf bf

21. Shear Connectors
Concrete Slab
Ribbed steel deck
Steel section