9.2 Functional Groups Define An atom, group of atoms, or organization of bonds in an organic molecule that react in a characteristic manner. Functional.

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Presentation transcript:

9.2 Functional Groups Define An atom, group of atoms, or organization of bonds in an organic molecule that react in a characteristic manner. Functional groups are identified by the placement of certain atoms in a molecule. Naming Chemists use a shorthand to represent carbon and hydrogen atoms that are not part of the functional group. We use the symbol R to represent the hydrocarbon fragment of the organic molecule not involved in the functional group. R’ (called “r prime”) may be used for a different hydrocarbon fragment in the same molecule.

Text pages Functional Groups Alkyl Halides: R-X Where X = F, Cl, I, or Br Define Organic compounds containing halogens are called alkyl halides Naming Same rules as other organic compounds except the halogen atom is named as a branch group. The prefixes to use are: Examples

9.2 Functional Groups Alcohols: R-OH Define Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group (–OH)attached to a carbon atom are called alcohols Naming Rules

9.2 Functional Groups Other Functional Groups NameDefinitionExample Etherorganic compounds in which two hydrocarbon fragments are attached by an oxygen atom Aldehydeorganic compound containing a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain Ketoneorganic compound also containing a carbonyl group, but unlike an aldehyde, the carbonyl group of a ketone is not at the end of the carbon chain Carboxylic Acidorganic compound containing a carboxyl (–COOH) group.

9.2 Functional Groups Other Functional Groups NameDefinitionExample Esterorganic compound in which a –COO– group connects two other hydrocarbon fragments Aminesorganic compounds containing only single bonds and nitrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom. Amides organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group