Industrial and agricultural waste WASTE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY Martin Kubal Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague

industrial waste – technical definitions Industrial Waste is unwanted material produced in or eliminated from an industrial operation and categorized under a variety of headings, such as liquid waste, sludge, solid waste, and hazardous waste. ( Industrial waste is a waste caused by industrial factories or mills. The problem began along with the outset of industrial revolution. Toxic waste and chemical waste are a kind of industrial waste. ( Since the industrial revolution, industrial and mining operations have been accompanied by a problem: industrial waste which may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive or reactive.

industrial waste – formal definition There exists no formal definition of industrial waste generally accepted within EU countries. Many different approaches and overlapping definitions are used for the classification of industrial waste in EU countries, leading to different results, a situation that often complicates the collection and interpretation of data on this type of waste. Different definitions are also applied within the field of engineering, science and legislation.

industrial waste – coal mining

industrial waste – power engineering

industrial waste – metal mining

industrial waste

industrial waste – metal mining

industrial waste – chemical production

Total waste generation in the EU-27 by economic activity in 2008 (EUROSTAT)

(EUROSTAT)Total waste generation in the EU-27 by waste category in 2008 (EUROSTAT)

Waste generation per country and for EU-27 in 2008 (kg/cap) (EUROSTAT)

industrial waste composition It is not possible to define generally the average composition of industrial waste. ? Main tool to categorize industrial wastes: List of wastes (Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000) (The list indicates whether the waste is hazardous)

industrial waste processing

The manufacturing industry has a central role to play in the prevention and reduction of waste as the products that they manufacture today become the wastes of tomorrow. Manufacturers can achieve this by: - considering the impacts of their products throughout its life at the design stage of the product; - using manufacturing processes that minimise material and energy usage; - eliminating or reducing where possible the use of substances or materials hazardous to health or the environment; and - manufacturing products in such a way that they last longer and may be recycled or reused at the end-of-life stage.

industrial waste processing – least favoured option

agricultural waste – technical definitions Agricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage effluent) and waste such as plastic, scrap machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils and veterinary medicines. ( Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields. (

agricultural waste – formal definitions There is no legal definition of agricultural waste generally accepted within EU countries, but a few countries adopted national definitions. Example: England + Wales The legal definition of “agricultural waste”: “waste from premises used for agriculture within the meaning of the Agriculture Act 1947.” The Agriculture Act 1947 defines “agriculture” as including:- “…horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming and livestock breeding and keeping, the use of land as grazing land, meadow land, osier land, market gardens and nursery grounds, and the use of land for woodlands where that use is ancillary to the farming of land for other agricultural purposes, and ‘agriculture’ shall be construed accordingly.”

agricultural waste – forestry

agricultural waste – food production

application of chemicals in agriculture source of hazadrous wastes

agricultural waste composition Agricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage effluent) and waste such as plastic, scrap machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils and veterinary medicines. Typical constituents: - wet organic matter (food waste, sludge) - dry organic matter (wood, straw) - inert materials (sand, soil) - recyclable materials (plastics, metal, glass and paper) - hazardous materials (chemicals)

No overall estimates are available on the quantity of agricultural waste produced in the EU. The national sources are quite difficult to compare. Example: Production of agricultural wastes in the Czech Republic in 2010 Total production of waste: tons Agricultural waste tons Hazardous agricultural waste6 166 tons agricultural waste statistics

The general waste management hierarchy should basically be followed. If preferred options (prevention, minimisation,…..) are not applicable, there are a number of methods used to treat agricultural waste. These include for example spreading the waste on land (landfarming) under strict conditions, anaerobic digestion and composting. agricultural waste processing

agricultural waste processing - landfarming

agricultural waste processing anaerobic digestion

agricultural waste processing - composting

Relative representation of industrial and agricultural waste all the waste types generated in Europe agricultural waste30 – 80% electrical and electronic waste 0.4 % mining waste28 – 30 % construction and demolition waste25 % hazardous waste1 % industrial waste2 % municipal waste10 – 15 %

Important for exam Typical relative representation of industrial and agricultural waste within EU Typical hazardous components in agricultural waste Main treatment processes for agricultural waste in EU