NON-VASCULAR PLANTS JRMG 2010 Bio1

WHAT ARE PLANTS?????

KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes CW: cellulose Chlorophyll a and b “STATIONARY ANIMALS EAT SUNLIGHT” Immobile Alternation of Generations

Basic Plant LIFE CYCLE

NEEDS of PLANTS Sunlight Water Minerals Gas

Overview of Plant Evolution Algae- water Land plants –Light and CO2 –Water and Minerals –Shoot system Cuticle (2º product) Lignin Sporopollenin*

HOW DID PLANTS BECOME SUCCESFUL ON LAND????????

PLANT EVOLUTION: AS EMBRYOPHYTES Gametes: non-aquatic environment Embryos: protected From EARLY PLANTS: –Gametangia Production, protection, site of fertilization –Transformation to Embryophytes

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS Oxygen existence –Algae –Photosynthetic prokaryotes Ancestral algal species –Charophytes Cooksonia

CHAROPHYTES branch of Phylum Chlorophyta plant ancestor Chara braunii

CHAROPHYTES Chaetosporidium Choleochaete orbicularis

Cooksonia

Kingdom Plantae

History of Terrestrial Adaptation Charophytes: aquatic ancestors 1 ST ADAPTATION: Spores→Sporopollenin –Jacketed gametangia EMERGENCE OF BRYOPHYTES

Sporopollenin Cuticle

Gametangia

2 ND ADAPTATION: Vascular tissues EMERGENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTS

3 RD ADAPTATION: ORIGIN OF SEED Colonization of land plants –Naked seeds EMERGENCE OF GYMNOSPERMS

4 TH ADAPTATION: Modification of seeds –Protective coat EMERGENCE OF ANGIOSPERMS

BREAKDOWN OF K. PLANTAE Non- vascular plants –P. Bryophyta, P. Hepatophyta and P. Anthocerophyta Vascular plants/ TRACHEOPHYTA –Gymnosperms –Angiosperms

NON- VASCULAR PLANTS Without vascular tissue Life cycle depends: water (reproduction)

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA Environment: water Moist habitat and nutrient poor soil Can tolerate low temp STRUCTURE –Stalk + capsule= sporophyte –Leaf like and stem like structure gametophyte Life cycle (

Sphagnum

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA Liverworts Gametophyte: umbrella like (gametangia) –Archaegonium –Antheridium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Gemmae –Haploid cells –Gemmae cups

Marchantia polymorpha

Female gametophyte Male gametophyte

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

RHIZOID

Asexual Reproduction

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA Damp soil Sporophyte: horn-like Sporophyte reamins attached to the gametophyte –divides continuously Large chloropast/cell

Anthoceros Dendroceros

LIFE CYCLE: SEXUAL