 Part I Part I Part I  Part II Part II Part II  Part III Part III Part III Senātus Populusque Rōmānus meaning "The Senate and People of Rome", Senātus Populusque Rōmānus meaning "The Senate and People of Rome", Rome

Part I: INTRODUCTION  Rome was the culmination of ancient civilization  It consolidated the heritage of much of the ancient world  The most powerful army and most developed civilization of the ancient world  Masters of war, engineering, management, and art  However, it featured slavery, inequality, violence, and excesses of every type

GREEKS IN ITALY  Greeks colonized southern Italy  Brought Greek culture including highly developed arts and crafts, literature, religion, philosophy, and architecture

FOUNDING OF ROME  In the mid-700s, a Latin clan established a new settlement overlooking a bend in the Tiber River  Roman legend attributed the founding of this village to Romulus and Remus  Twin grandsons of a king  Orphaned when young and raised by a wolf

 509 B.C., Romans rejected Etruscan king (monarchy) and established a republic.  Power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders.  In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens. The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C. )

Class Divisions  Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status  Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can’t rule The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C. )

A “Balanced” Government  Rome elects two consuls (executive) – one to lead army, one to direct government (1 yr terms not to hold office for another 10 yrs)  Senate- chosen from patricians, make foreign and domestic policy  Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for plebeians (commoners)  Dictators- leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by consuls and senate) The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C. )

Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times. Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti

Rome would then move on and gradually take over all the other people of Italy Long, slow, difficult process and Roman success was by no means guaranteed Conquest of Italy took over 100 years and Rome suffered some serious setbacks in the process But through hard work, perseverance, and luck, Rome did it

Why were the Romans able to conquer Italy & the Mediterranean World?

 All citizens were required to serve  Army was powerful:  Organization & fighting skill  Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback) The Roman Army

 Rome establishes a large trading network  Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes  Brings Rome into conflict with Carthage – a powerful city-state in North Africa Rome’s Commercial Network

 Three Wars between Rome and Carthage  1 st Punic War- Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea. Punic Wars ( B.C. ) The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

2 nd Punic War- Carthaginian General Hannibal’s “surprise” attack through Spain & France  50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants march over the Alps  80,000 Romans killed in the battle of Cannae  100 Romans die every minute of the battle  The battle lasted all afternoon Hannibal can’t sustain his forces and is defeated later. Rome wins war and gets Spain Punic Wars ( B.C. ) com/watch?v=CQN CGqfjaBc

Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy.

 3 rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage  Scipio- Roman Strategist  Conquered people sold into slavery  Carthage burned  Legend says the earth sewed with salt Punic Wars ( B.C. ) The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection