1 Chapter 12 Section 1 Industries Take Root In the U.S., Pennsylvania native Robert Fulton soon made the steamboat a commercial success, which proved vital to trade along the Mississippi River. Scottish instrument maker James Watt patented the steam engine in 1769, and by 1804, England had built the first working steam locomotive.

2 The Industrial Revolution At dawn, 11-year-old Lucy Larcom woke to a factory bell she quickly ate breakfast and hurried to her job at a spinning mill. Years later she described her experience: “The buzzing and hissing and whizzing of the pulleys and rollers and spindles and flyers around me often grew tiresome …I could look across the room and see the girls moving backward and forward among the spinning frames, sometimes stooping, sometimes reaching up in their arms, as their work required.” A new type of revolution had begun! This revolution had no battles. It completely changed the world. It was called the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution The economy shifted from farming to manufacturing. As a result, people moved from farms to cities As these factories sprang up, cities grew around them. These changes transformed life in the United States forever. 'Tontine Coffee House' in New York City

New inventions led to a new system of producing goods. To set up and operate a spinning mill required large amounts of capital, or money. Capitalists supplied this money. A capitalist is a person, who invests in a business to make a profit.

The Industrial Revolution began in (1) Great Britain in the Mid-1700’s. There, inventors developed new technologies that transformed the (2) textile industry. The textile industry was the process of making cloth for clothing. THE SPINNING JENNY. Designed by John Hargreaves in 1767.

New Ways to Produce Goods Before goods were produced by hand at home or in workshops. As the Industrial Revolution got underway, machines replaced hand tools. These machines were housed in (3) factories. In the (4) factory system large amounts of goods were produced.

7 In 1764, James Hargreaves developed a machine called the (5) spinning jenny. With a spinning jenny a worker could spin several threads at once, not just one thread as on a spinning wheel. Soon afterwards, Edmund Cartwright developed a steam powered loom. It could spin 100 spindles of thread at one time! James Hargreaves spinning jenny

Other Inventions (6) Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin which increased the production of cotton.

Other Inventions James Watt and Oliver Evans improved the design of (7) steam engines. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive

Other Inventions In 1831, (8) Cyrus McCormick invented the Mechanical Reaper.

Other Inventions In 1837, John Deere created the (9) steel plow.

Capitalists built factories and hired workers to run the machines The new factory system brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods. Factory workers earned daily or weekly wages. They had to work a set number of hours per day.

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Britain wants to keep new technology a secret. (10) Sam Slater Breaks The Law – leaves Britain for America to build mills. By 1793 builds the first American mill in the United States of America. SAMUEL SLATER ( ). American textile manufacturer. Samuel Slater's textile mill built at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793: photographed in the late 19th century.

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Improvements to the mill In 1814 (11) Francis Cabot Lowell combines spinning and weaving under one roof in (12) Boston, Massachusetts that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the Charles River in Waltham,

Eli Whitney, an American, gives further boost to the textile industry. In the early 1800’s, skilled workers made things by hand. If a part broke a skilled craftsman had to fashion a new part to fit the broken item. Whitney’s idea - interchangeable parts or all machine parts would be alike. The drawback was that the quality of the guns was not as efficient as those that were hand made.

The choice was between quality versus quantity The idea of interchangeable parts spread rapidly. Other machines were invented to produce parts for locks, knives, and many other goods. Factories divided up the labor assigning one worker one or two simple steps. This is called (13) division of labor. These developments resulted in (14) mass production, or the manufacture of very large quantities of goods.

Daily Life Mill owners hired mostly (15) women and children. They did that because they could pay women and children half of the amount they would have to pay men. Children as young as 7 years of age worked in mills because they were quick and small. Children working in a vegetable cannery

Long Hours Often the child wages were needed to help support their family. Working hours at the mills were long, 12-hours a day, six days a week. Contrast that with today, when an average worker works 9 hours a day 5 days a week. To improve working conditions and pay, people began to form (16) labor unions. LABOR DEMONSTRATION, 1914.

Urbanization As factories grew, so did the (17) cities where they were located. Cities had many hazards or problems. Cities had no sewers and people threw garbage into the streets. In these dirty conditions diseases spread quickly. NEW YORK: TENEMENT, Tenement dwellings in New York City's Lower East Side

22 Yellow fever spread quickly and epidemic spread throughout the cities killing hundreds of people! Cities had many attractions, too. They had circuses, racetracks, plays and museums. In New York, P.T. Barnum made a fortune exhibiting rare animals at his American Museum. P.T. Barnum

Regional Specialization NORTH EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”