Motivation crash course crash course the need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Motivation khanacademy until 3:55 khanacademy until 3:55 Instinct Theory (aka: evolutionary): we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

Drive Reduction Theory khanacademy (1:05-3:56) khanacademy (1:05-3:56) Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Wants to maintain homeostasis. When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive (what part of brain??). Primary versus Secondary drives

Incentive Theory Khan Academy Khan Academy Behaviorism Positive or Negative Stimuli lure or repel us from behaviors Rewards/Consequences

Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal

Yerkes Dodson Law: noted the relationship between arousal level, difficulty of task, and performance TASK Optimus Arousal Level* (stress/anxiety) easyhigh moderatemoderate difficultlow Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first Some criticize that the order of needs are not universally fixed

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 4:50 4:50 Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

Self Actualization Activity responses placed before items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, & 14 should be reversed: 6=1, 5=2, 4=3, 3=4, 2=5, 1=6 =============================================================== total your scores : r= =============================================================================== mean= 60

Motivation of HUNGER 6:30 6:30

Biological Basis of Hunger Khan Academy Khan Academy Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… Brain What part? The Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus psych sim: hunger and fat rat psych sim: hunger and fat rat Lateral Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again.

Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat Wants to maintain a stable weight.(homeostasis) Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight. Basal metabolic rate

Body Chemistry & Hormones – Insulin increases causes the hunger sensation. – When glucose levels increases, you begin to feel full or hunger decreases (what 2 types of correlation here??) Other Hormones/influences – Orexin – hunger triggering; from hypothalamus – Ghrelin – secreted by empty stomach – Leptin – protein from fat cells, appetite suppressant – Obestatin – secreted by stomach; sends “fullness” signals – PYY – hunger suppressing hormone

Mice Wine Dog Fried Frog Legs

Eating Disorders crash course crash course Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

Anorexia Nervosa Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. See themselves as fat. Vast majority are woman.

Obesity cbsnews cbsnews Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. Mostly, obesity is a reflection of eating habits but there are some genetic predispositions and legitimate ailments that contribute. Who’s to blame?

Body Image

Internals vs Externals Internals- Motivated to respond to internal cues inside the body – Ex: eat because your stomach growls Externals-Motivated to respond to external cues outside of the body – Ex: eat because a piece of cake looks tasty

Sexual Motivation crash course crash course Sex is natural. Without sex, none of us would be here. How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual. Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

Masters and Johnson Study Khan Academy 3:35) Khan Academy 3:35) In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 female and 312 male volunteers.

Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Plateau Phase Orgasm Resolution Phase (with male refractory period).

Critics of Kinsey’s research maintained three arguments: Kinsey’s sample was not random. Instead, it consisted largely of well-educated, white city dwellers. Kinsey and his colleagues used questionable methods to gather their data, especially asking leading questions when interviewing subjects. Kinsey may have let his own beliefs influence his results. Critics of Masters and Johnson’s research maintained two arguments: Masters and Johnson studied a biased sample of people. The sample included only people who were both willing and able to perform sexual acts in a laboratory setting. Masters and Johnson didn’t pay attention to individual differences. In reality, people’s sexual responses vary according to factors such as age, amount of sexual experience, and cultural background.

Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. Heiman 4 tape study. People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

Can External Sexual Stimuli have adverse effects? Movies of women being coerced or forced into sex tend to increase the viewer’s acceptance of the false idea that women can enjoy rape. Viewing X-Rated films can diminish people’s satisfaction with their own partners. Expectations change. After viewing attractive women or men on TV- people judge their own partners as less attractive.

We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction: Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.

Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run.

Industrial/Organizational Psychology The application of psychological concepts for the purpose of optimizing human behavior in the workplace Flow – a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators. Theory X Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated. Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs. Theory Y Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive. Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

Leadership Style Theory X: Task Leadership Goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Typically, more authoritarian/directive Theory Y: Social Leadership Group oriented leadership that focuses on teamwork; participatory management Typically, more democratic

When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict Multiple approach- avoidance conflicts