Midterm Review

List the steps of the scientific method Observe, state the problem, make a hypothesis, design an experiment, perform the approved experiment, and then draw a conclusion that reflects your data

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? The independent variable is the condition that is being tested in the experiment The dependent variable is the condition that can be observed or measured when the other variable has changed

Water is polar. What does this mean? It has an uneven distribution of electrons between its hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

What is the monomer for a protein? Amino acid

Lock and key model…what is that? When an enzyme fits a substrate like a lock and key?

What is homeostasis? In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the processes of getting rid of waste, water and salt balance, and the regulation of pH in body fluids are controlled by the kidneys.

Name the 4 macromolecules Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic acid Proteins

Single unit/monomer of a carbohydrate? Monosaccharide

What are the inputs and outputs of cell respiration and photosynthesis? Water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = oxygen + glucose Oxygen + glucose = water + CO2 + ATP

What makes up the membrane?

What is the cell theory? Cells are the basic units of life All living things are made of cells All cells are produced by existing cells

Organelles – what do each do? Nucleus ER Golgi Ribosomes Cytoplasm Vesicle Mitochondria and chloroplast Membrane

3 steps of the Cell Theory? Cells are the basic units of life All living things are made of cells All cells are produced by existing cells

Difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? nucleus

What is the difference between active and passive transport? Name 3 types of passive and two active. Active requires energy – endocytosis and exocytosis Passive does not require energy – diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink Hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell up (hypo-hippo) Isotonic solution are in homeostasis

If an animal cell were placed in the ocean, what would immediately happen to the cell? Cell would shrivel up

When is energy released from ATP? When adenine triphosphate becomes adenine diphosphate (loses a phosphate group)

What are these chloroplast parts? Granum – Thylakoid – Chlorophyl – Stroma -

Know the inputs and outputs of light reactions and Calvin Cycle Light reaction – Calvin Cycle -

What is a gamete? Is it haploid or diploid? Haploid, sex cell like sperm or egg.

List the steps of mitosis and tell what happen in each step.

What is crossing over? New combinations of genes result from when chromosomes cross over in Prophase 1 of meiosis. Ensures genetic diversity.

What is transcription? The process of making mRNA in the nucleus, which later leads to the production of proteins during translation

What is the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase? DNA polymerase separates the DNA strand during replication of the DNA RNA polymerase separates the DNA strand during transcription, in order to make mRNA

Name three way RNA is different from DNA RNA – has one strand, has uracil instead of thymine, has ribose instead of deoxyribose

What is tRNAs function? tRNA is used in translation to make proteins by linking individual amino acids together

What is semi-conservative replication? Every new DNA strand is made of one old strand and one replicated new strand (half from original strand half new)