Chapter 1: How did the following scientists contribute to microbiology: Leewenhoek, Janssen, Hooke, Redi, Spallanzani, Virchow, Tyndall, Koch, and Pasteur. What are some products made with the help of microbes? What is the nomenclature followed to name bacteria? Be sure to know an example and be able to write it correctly. What is the average size of bacteria?

What organisms are found within the category of microbiology? What characteristics make them unique? –Fill out details of chart on next slide for review. –Completed chart found at the end of ppt if you just want to study it. What types of organisms are found in the domain Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea? –What is the basis for the classification of organisms into these three domains? –How are the organisms in the Bacteria domain similar to the organisms in the Archaea domain? How are they different?

TypeP/ES/MGrowthUnique Bacteria Single Cellular Algae Eukaryotic Fungi Terrestrial environments, use organic matter for food Protozoa Motile, pathogenic parasites Virus N/A

Chapter 3: Describe the principle of simple staining. –What can you determine about an organism from a simple stain? Be able to draw and label different morphologies including shapes and groupings What is a differential stain? Give an example of a differential stain. Describe the four steps of the Gram stain and the purpose of each step. –What physical characteristic does it differentiate? –What color are Gram + and Gram - cells?

Know the structures of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls. Understand the different ways to transport material across a cytoplasmic membrane. –Understand the different ways bacteria move material across a membrane such as facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms (transport systems that use proton motive force, transport systems that use ATP, and efflux pumps). What are the functions of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

Chapter 6: Define metabolism and describe the difference between anabolism and catabolism. Define enzymes and their characteristics. –Understand the factors that influence enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. –Understand competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.

Understand the following terms and processes: glycolysis, fermentation, Tricarboxylic Acid cycle, anaerobic and aerobic respiration, oxidation/reduction reactions, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and substrate level phosphorylation. –For the major pathways discussed, understand what is the starting material, what is made in the process, and what is the final product. –What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? How do they differ in the amount of energy (ATP) produced? What is the final electron acceptor in each pathway?

Metabolic pathway Starting material Ending compound Reducing agents Total ATP generated Glycolysis1 Glucose2 Pyruvate2 NADH2 net ATP Transition Step 2 Pyruvate2 Acetyl- CoA 2 NADH TCA cycle2 Acetyl- CoA CO 2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 ATP Fermentation1 GlucoseVaries- 1 step conversion of pyruvate Additional conversions use NADH (0-1 NADH) Only those in glycolysis (2 ATP) Aerobic Respiration (Total, w/ O 2 ) 1 GlucoseCO 2 and H 2 O 10 NADH 2 FADH 2 38 ATP 4 from early pathways and 34 from Proton motive force Anaerobic Respiration (Total, varies) 1 GlucoseCO 2, varies10 NADH 2 FADH 2 Less than 38 4 from early pathways, varies

Chapter 4: Understand what is meant by generation time, and binary fission. Do all organisms have the same generation time? –Try to diagram the concept What is the definition of a pure culture? What are some techniques used to determine if a sample is pure? Explain how physical conditions such as temperature, pH, and oxygen can influence bacterial growth. –Know the groupings that fit under these

What are the basic chemical requirements for bacterial growth? What is the difference between chemically defined media and complex media? What are selective media? What are differential media? Know some examples of each. Be able to recognize a bacterial growth curve and identify the phases of growth. Which growth phase is best used for experimentation and why?

TypeP/ES/MGrowthUnique Bacteria Prokaryote Single Cellular Ubiquitous in environment Replicates by binary fission; Peptidoglycan cell wall Algae Eukaryotic Multi- and Single Cellular Aquatic environments; Photosynthetic Contain Chloroplasts Rigid cell wall (cellulose) Fungi Eukaryotic Multi- and Single Cellular Terrestrial environments, use organic matter for food Many forms: yeast, mold, mushrooms; Cell wall (chitin) Protozoa Eukaryotic Single Cellular Both aquatic and terrestrial environments Motile, pathogenic parasites Virus Non-livingN/A Obligate intracellular parasite Nucleic acid packaged in protein coat