7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes? Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.

Climate Helps Determine Where Organisms Can Live Scientists have divided the world into several major biomes: large land regions with certain types of _______________ and dominant ____________ life Not uniform throughout Considered to be more of a _____________________, with slightly different communities based on the… distribution of ____________________ Effects of ________________ activities climateplant “mosaic of patches” resources human

Fig. 7-7, p. 153 Tropic of Cancer High mountains Equator Polar ice Arctic tundra (cold grassland) Temperate grassland Tropic of Capricorn Tropical grassland (savanna) Chaparral Coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest Temperate rain forest Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Desert The Earth’s Major Biomes

Figure 3, Supplement 8 North America Biomes In which biome do we live? Temperate deciduous forest

Climate Helps Determine Where Organisms Can Live Differences in climate, mostly in average _________________ and ___________________ lead to the formation of tropical (______), temperate (_____________), and polar (_______) forms of each of the major biomes Forests Grasslands Deserts temperatureprecipitation hot moderatecold

Fig. 7-9, p. 154 Cold Arctic tundra Cold desert Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate desert Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Chaparral Hot Wet Tropical rain forest Dry Tropical desert Tropical grassland (savanna)

Fig. 7-8, p. 153 Elevation Mountain ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude (south to north) Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Climate and vegetation vary with both __________________ and ________________________ latitude elevation

Figure 6, Supplement 8 Global Plant Biodiversity

There Are Three Major Types of Deserts In a desert, annual precipitation is _________ and often scattered unevenly throughout the year. Desert soils have little vegetation and moisture to help store daytime heat…resulting in __________ nights Vulnerable to ______________ Desert surfaces are also vulnerable to disruption from ___________________ low colder sandstorms vehicles

There Are Three Major Types of Deserts 1.Tropical deserts - _______ and dry most of the year, few plants 2.Temperate deserts - ___________ precipitation than a tropical desert, so more ___________________ 3.Cold deserts – hot summers but __________ winters, vegetation is _________________ Desert ecosystems are _____________________ ___________ plant growth and __________species diversity Slow nutrient ________________ in the soil and very little water hot more vegetation cold sparse fragile slow low cycling

Fig. 7-10, p. 155 Tropical Desert United Arab Emirates Temperate Desert South Eastern California Cold Desert Mongolia

Figure 1, Supplement 6 Temperate Desert Ecosystem in North America

Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert Adaptations for survival in the desert have two themes… ____________ the heat Every drop of water _____________ Plant adaptations Some plants ______________ their leaves during hot spells to remain dormant Succulents plants No leaves…no water loss through ________________ Store water and make food in their ________________ Open pores only at _____________ to take into CO 2 Beat counts lose transpiration fleshy tissue night

Fig. 7-A, p. 156 Wildflowers Bloom after Rain in Arizona ________ roots to reach groundwater Widely spread, shallow roots to _____________ water after brief showers Leaves with ___________ coatings Seeds may remain _______________ for extended periods of time Deep collect waxy dormant

Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert Animal strategies and adaptations Most are _____________ and _________________ May become _______________ during periods of extreme heat Larger animals, like camels, have the ability to _____________ water in their fat for future use Thick fur for __________________ against outside heat Acquire water from ____________ that they eat Thick outer ____________________ to minimize water loss smallnocturnal dormant store insulating food coverings

There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (1) Grasslands occur mostly in the __________________ of continents in areas that are too moist for deserts and too dry for forests 1. Tropical (___________________) Contains widely scattered clumps of trees Warm temperatures year round and alternating _______ and _________ seasons Home to … Grazing animals…mostly __________ eating Browsing animals….mostly __________________ eating Predators interiors savanna wetdry grass twig and leaf

There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (2) 2. Temperate (__________________) Cold _______________ and hot and dry ____________ High winds and evaporation rates often lead to _____________....hinders tree growth and adds ash to the _____________ Tall-grass prairies and short-grass prairies Often converted to __________________ due to its ________________ soil Prairie winters summers fires soil farmland fertile

Fig. 7-12, p. 158 Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland

There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (3) 3. Cold (__________________) Thick, spongy mat of _________________ plants to conserve heat Most growth occurs in a short (____________) summer Animals have thick fur…some animals migrate there in the summer formation of ______________________ Underground soil that stays frozen for more than two consecutive years Often causes ___________________ areas because water can’t penetrate through the frozen soil Attracts __________________ that serve as food for migratory birds arctic tundra low-lying 7-8 weeks permafrost waterlogged insects

Stepped Art Fig. 7-11, p. 157

Grasslands The tundra is a ________________ biome Soils are nutrient ______________ and have little _________________ (decaying matter) Recover __________________ after human disturbance Alpine tundra: above tree line in ______________ Receives more _________________ so often covered in _____________ during the brief summer fragile poor detritus slowly mountains sunlight flowers

Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live Temperate Shrubland or __________________ _______________ areas that border on deserts Enough rain to support shrub growth and occasional small trees Near the sea: nice climate Southern California Mediterranean Sea Southern Australia Prone to ____________ in the dry season Chaparral Coastal fires

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1) Forests are lands dominated by ________________. 1.Tropical (_________________) Found near the __________________ Year round ______________ temperatures, high ______________ and almost daily _____________ Dominated by _________________ evergreen plants…which keep most of their leaves year round Dense _______________ that blocks sunlight from reaching the forest floor Vines called _______________ grow from tree to tree providing _________________ for many species trees Jungle equator warm humidityrainfall broad leaf canopy lianas walkways

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1) High Biodiversity High net primary productivity…much ___________ is available to move throughout food chains Species occupy a variety of specialized _____________ in distinct layers Niche stratification Plants from tropical rainforests are a source of chemicals used as _________________ for making most of the world’s prescription drugs energy niches blueprints

Fig. 7-15, p Harpy eagle Emergent layer Toco toucan 30 Canopy 25 Height (meters) 20 Wooly opossum Understory Brazilian tapir Shrub layer 5 Black-crowned antpitta Ground layer 0

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1) Decaying matter decomposes ________________ because of the warm, moist conditions and hordes of decomposers Instead of nutrients staying in the soil, they are quickly taken up and stored in __________, vines, and other plants Lack of fertile soil…NOT a good place for __________________ farming quickly trees sustainable

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2) 2. Temperate deciduous forests Moderate, average temperatures that change significantly with the ________________. Abundant precipitation Dominated by broad-leaf __________________ trees Survive cold winters by _________________ leaves _____________ rate of decomposition than in tropical rainforests Thick layer of decaying leaf _____________....good source of nutrients for the soil seasons deciduous losing Slower litter

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2) This terrestrial biome has been the ____________ disturbed by human activity throughout history However, they can grow back in a _____________ year time span through secondary ecological succession most

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (3) 3. Evergreen coniferous forests: (____________ forests and ______________) Cold winters, short summers Precipitation often in the form of ____________ Dominated by coniferous or ___________ bearing trees Pine needles are often ______________, so the topsoil is __________________ and acidic Variety of wildlife…year round residents as well as _________________ animals boreal taigas snow cone dropped nutrient poor migratory

Stepped Art Fig. 7-13, p. 160

Forests _________________ coniferous forests or ___________________ rainforests Found in coastal areas with ___________ rainfall or moisture Example: Coastline along Northern California through Canada Coastal Temperate abundant

Fig. 7-16, p. 163 Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State

Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles Contain the majority of the world’s _____________ _________________________...mainly untouched but surrounded by human activity Habitats for ______________ species…found nowhere else Major __________________ of water…stored as ice and snow during colder months Glacial ice cover ______________ sunlight which helps to offset global warming trees Islands of biodiversity endemic storehouse reflects

Review Identify the biomes based off of the climate graphs shown! Tropical desert

Review Identify the biomes based off of the climate graphs shown! Temperate grassland (Prairie)

Review Identify the biomes based off of the climate graphs shown! Evergreen coniferous forest Boreal / taiga