TOPIC: Applied Genetics AIM: What methods can be used to develop organisms with desirable traits? Do Now: List and explain two ways genetic disorders can.

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Presentation transcript:

TOPIC: Applied Genetics AIM: What methods can be used to develop organisms with desirable traits? Do Now: List and explain two ways genetic disorders can be detected.

What are 3 methods used to develop organisms with desirable traits? What is selective breeding? SELECTIVE BREEDING CLONING GENETIC ENGINEERING The crossing of plants or animals that have desirable traits to make offspring with those same traits 2 types: –hybridization –inbreeding

Selective Breeding: A case study

Hybridization Crossing 2 genetically different but related species HYBRID = new offspring Best of both parents Example: horse + donkey  mule (hybrid)

Hybridization Braham cattle: good resistance to heat but poor beef Shorthorn cattle: good beef but poor heat resistance Santa Gertrudis cattle: formed by crossing Braham and shorthorn  good heat resistance and beef

Hybridization Jaglion = jaguar + lion

Hybridization Tigon = male tiger + female lion

Hybridization Liger = male lion + female tiger female tiger

Hybridization

TOPIC: Applied Genetics AIM: What is cloning? Do Now: Why is hybridization a form of selective breeding?

InbreedingAdvantagesDisadvantages Crossing plants or animals that have the same or very similar characteristics Pass on/preserve good traits Offspring are: –Smaller and weaker –More susceptible to diseases –More prone to genetic disorders

CloningClone Technique used to produce offspring with desired traits Organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it is produced (same genes)

Cloning

Dolly = 1 st cloning of an adult mammal (sheep) 1997

Idaho Gem = 1 st cloned mule (MAY 2003) Cloned from a champion racing mule

CopyCat (Cc) = 1 st cloned cat (2002)

What is genetic engineering? What is recombinant DNA? Process in which genes (pieces of DNA) from one organism are transferred into another organism Making changes in the DNA of an organism “ gene splicing” Combined DNA (from 2 organisms) DNA from complex organism is cut and placed into the DNA of a simple organism Simple cells with recombinant DNA can produce proteins made in the complex organism Example: Inserting human DNA into bacterial cell DNA  bacteria cell can produce insulin

What is a plasmid? Ring of DNA in bacteria

Genetic Engineering (plasmid) (Recombinant DNA)

What can genetic engineering be used to produce? Insulin Human growth hormone Hepatitis B vaccine Interferons To improve food crops Proteins for blood clotting